The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne :: essays research papers

The timberland an extraordinary spot of abhorrence. The tale of the Scarlet Letter and Goodamn Brown bolth depict the woods as being insidious as per Puritan culture. As per the Puritans anything that had to do with extraordinary opportunity was malevolent. They were an exceptionally exacting individuals, and had numerous guidelines. The individuals belived that everuthing that gave them escaping their masters judgment was malevolent. They needed shrewdness to endure during their life , and to not submit sins. By this conviction it was felt that individuals may luck out and go to paradise. In the Scarlet Letter the woods is depicted as an exceptionally malicious spot. It is a plce where individuals could escape their judgment of the Puritans. For Hester it was where she could unwind, and remove the A. By the judgment of the Puritans Hester was never permitted to remove her A. In the woodland Hetser has the ability to communicate her actual inclination, and to make an incredible most. She does this without the Puritans of the town making a decision about her. The timberland lets her do anything she desires in it, and not be seen or rebuffed for it by the Puritans. To the Puritans a demonstration like that would be very sinnester, and would get extraordinary discipline. A genuine Puritan as indicated by their law ought to never endulge themselves. The backwoods concealed these parts of Hester from the Puritans, and took into account bunches of opportunity. Which made it insidiousness to the Puritan individuals. For Dimmesdale the backwoods was where he could escape from the Puritans. In the woodland he commited numerous things that would be think about exceptionally fiendish by the Puritans. The woods let him express his actual blanket anou the letter. Additionally it let him be the individual he was, and no the unadulterated evangelist. In the backwoods he met with the individuals who he ought to of never conversed with around. He met Hester and his youngster Pearl their.

Voice vs. Data

In this exercise we discussed seven things to look at the contrast among voice and information correspondence. The primary thing are PDAs, phones are voice and information correspondences. PDAs are a cell phone utilized for voice and information correspondence over a system of base stations, destinations where radio wires and electronic correspondence gear together make a cell in a cell phone organize. Today cell phones are utilized for some different purposes than the standard voice work, which is it basic roles. Cell phones are utilized for content informing by methods for SMS, for sending and getting recordings and photos by methods for MMS and for email and internet providers utilizing GPRS. The second was Landline telephones, Landline telephones are voice correspondence. Landline phones serve an assortment of capacities, even in today’s to a great extent portable world. Openness of landline telephones for individuals with handicaps implies that the scope of administrations gave through landline telephones to everybody without incapacities is additionally available here and there that gives proportionate usefulness to individuals with inabilities. There are a few availability highlights which are either present in a phone, or can be included by connection; these included speakerphone usefulness, huge keys, streak on approaching calls, capacity to associate a Braille peruser. Landline telephones are additionally utilized for exceptionally constrained information assortment, information recovery and remote control through the digit transmission they give. The third thing are SMS/Text Messaging which is a voice and information correspondence. Content informing is portrayed as the trading of short instant messages. Instant messages can be sent by means of cell phones, fixed-line telephone, and versatile or fixed gadgets over a system. Content informing just alluded to short messages contains pictures, sound pictures, activity, and video. Fax machine which is voice correspondence is the fourth thing to talk about; fax rationale is to faxing what VOIP is to voice interchanges. Fax rationale offers ultra-solid Internet Fax interchanges utilizing customary fax machines, with high security, high accessibility and minimal effort. Fax rationale is perfect fax answer for VOIP and PSTN endorsers in any industry. Presently with our fifth Pagers which are voice correspondence too is a remote broadcast communications gadget that gets and shows numeric or instant messages, or gets and reports voice messages. Single direction pagers can just get messages, while reaction pagers and two way pagers can likewise recognize, answer to, and begin messages utilizing an interior transmitter. Pagers work as a major aspect of a paging framework which incorporates at least one fixed transmitters just as various pagers conveyed by portable clients. VOIP is our 6th thing. VOIP is a voice correspondence. VOIP is a technique and gathering of innovations for the conveyance of voice correspondences and sight and sound meetings over IP systems, for example, the Internet. VOIP frameworks utilize meeting control and flagging conventions to control the flagging, set-up, and tear-down of calls. They transport sound streams over IP systems utilizing uncommon media conveyance conventions to controls the flagging, set-up, and tear-down of calls. Skype/Face time is the seventh and last thing. This is a voice and information correspondence. Skype is a voice over Internet Protocol framework created by Skype advances. It is a distributed system wherein voice brings ignore the Internet as opposed to through a particular reason organize, Skype clients look for different clients to associate with, empowering them to scan for other Skype clients and send messages. Sources * www.pearsonschoolsystem.com * www.reliablefax.com Voice versus Information PDAs †The original of mobile phones transmitted voice through a simple remote association. The present ages of telephones utilize both voice and information sent over advanced remote associations with transmit their signs. A wireless is utilized for full duplex two-way radio media communications (for both voice and information) over a cell of stations known as cell destinations. Landline Phones †Landline telephones utilize simple voice. They are associated with the Central office by a nearby circle that is 2 copper wires in a contorted pair. Landline telephones get their capacity from this neighborhood circle. Likewise call POTS these days or Plain Old Telephone Service. SMS/Text Messaging †SMS represents Short Message Service. The control channel (a pathway from your phone to the cell tower) gives the pathway to SMS messages. At the point when you send a SMS message, the message courses through the SMSC, at that point to the pinnacle, and the pinnacle sends the message to the telephone as a little parcel of information on the control station. Fax Machines †Fax Machines interface with another gadget on the opposite stopping point. They convert the pictures to information and transmit them over the simple phone lines. On the off chance that the spot of paper that the photograph cell was taking a gander at were white, the fax machine would send one tone; in the event that it were dark, it would send an alternate tone. Pagers †pagers chip away at radio waves like PDAs. At the point when somebody considers a pager and information sources a number it gets sent to the pager by means of an information bundle. A pager is fundamentally utilized in medical clinics, any office that is limited by crises and time limitations like fire stations, security administrations, beach front organizations, police and raft groups. VOIP Phones †VoIP telephones are additionally viewed as IP Phones. As in they are given an IP address from a given system and transmit the voice calls as information through the system. At the point when you make a VoIP call, you utilize your PC's worked in mouthpiece and speakers, a headset, an IP telephone or a telephone connected to a simple phone connector instead of a standard telephone. This hardware and your PC decipher the simple sign of your voice into an advanced sign. The advanced sign goes over the Internet. When it arrives at its goal, the phone or PC that answers the get back to makes an interpretation of it into simple sound. Skype/Facetime †Skype is a sort of VoIP administration that can transmit video just as spot brings over an information organize. Facetime is an assistance of Apple that it has on its iPhones. Facetime can send voice and video brings over Wi-Fi and now over 3G administration.

The dignity of difference , how to avoid the clash of civilzations. by Essay

The respect of distinction , how to stay away from the conflict of civilzations. by jonathan sachs - Essay Example Sacks thinks about this issue, and he reviews Jonathan Swift’s perception that we have â€Å"just enough religion to make us abhor each other yet insufficient to make us love one another† (Sacks 4). Thusly, â€Å"the incredible beliefs should now turn into a functioning power for harmony and for the equity and empathy on which harmony at last depends† (Sacks 4). Globalization represents a great deal of difficulties, since we are progressively mindful of the nearness of different societies on the planet, and there is a peril of forcing a solitary lifestyle in a plural world, which would be an error. The ethical element of globalization can't be disregarded. In Sacks’ see, the good and otherworldly issues engaged with globalization â€Å"are among the most significant we should confront on the off chance that we are to upgrade human poise, improve the odds of harmony and dodge Samuel Huntington’s expectation of a conflict of civilizations† (Sacks 2). Sacks claims to exorcize what he calls â€Å"Plato’s ghost†, which is universalism, or the possibility of a well known fact. As indicated by Plato, in the realm of thoughts, distinction is settled into similarity. This idea embroils that there is one truth on the fundamentals of human condition, and one holder of reality, while the other people who think in an alternate way are mixed up. The endeavors to change over, fix and spare others from their blunder have lead to probably the best violations of history. These days, corporate globalism advances a consistency of practices all through the world, in regardless of contrasts. The arrangement of universalizing frameworks or systems in Western history, from Greek and Roman human advancements, has would in general delete the neighborhood customs, societies and dialects, and it has finished in globalization and the development of an all inclusive culture. Corporate globalism plays the job of these frameworks in the present-day world, and it depends available, the media, and worldwide

Leons Holocaust - Free Essay Example

Leons father has been saving up for a long time for his family to move in with him. When he earned enough money from his well paying job, the family bought a super tiny apartment and moved in with their two parents, one sister, and 4 boy family. With an already scarce amount of food and water, the family had to do everything they could to find money, food, and even a job. The InvasionThen it happened, the Germans came and took over everything. Before, Leon made friends with other boys that werent even Jewish like him. But, after the Germans came, they abandoned Leon only because he was Jewish. The Jews that were about 10 years and older, had to wear a sleeve with the sign of David on it. But, Leon never wore that sleeve, and it could have cost his life. Now and then, I would sit on a park bench just to prove I could do what I wanted, resisting the Nazis in my own small way, Leon saidIt was a hard time for Leon and his family because they had to make the decision for Leons older brother to go back to their old village, with his girlfriend. Leon was devastated. His brother was his best friend, yet he would most likely never see him again. After a little while of the Germans take over, the Jews had to move out and move into an enclosed community and were forced to do hard labor. But, the only people that didnt have to go, were the special few on Schindlers list. Schindlers list basically includes a few lucky people that Schindler (a German man himself but who believes in Jews rights) choose to save from death because they were good enough to keep alive only to do work.So, because Leons father was a very skilled glass worker, their family got spared to be on Schindlers list. Leon thought he was safe, his parents thought they were safe. But, that wasnt the case. You can NEVER be safe when your being taken over by the Germans (and especially when they can do whatever they want to you). But, then the Germans barged in and took Leons older brother, for no reason at all. They took him away, and Leon knew that would be the last time he saw his best friend. His brother. Hiding After that, Leon and his family knew they had to hide. So, while all the Jews were moving out, Leon, his mother, and their next-door neighbor and son devised a plan. To hide. So they found a cellar to hide in for two or three days straight. Without food or even water. After the hiding though, Leon knew they wouldnt get by that easily. Only about 1,098 Jews were on Schindlers list in the camp. When it was time for them to leave for work, the family moved into an even smaller apartment shared with even more people. Schindlers list Work to DIE forOnce they started working for Schindler, it wasnt all fun and games. It was very hard work and everyone only get one meal a day, disgusting soup. And often enough, Leon had to sneak out and find food in the trash cans, and around the ground. But, since the kitchen workers were Jews as well and while Leon got to know them, when it came to lunch time, Leon always got a little extra food. During work though, Leon and along with everyone else never knew what would happen. Sometimes, a German man named Amon Goeth (who is the boss of Schindler and has complete control of the business) came in and kept a close eyes on the Jews. But the worst part was that he could do anything he wanted, even if that meant killing the Jews, just for fun and game. And nobody dared to stop him. Once, Amon came when Leon was doing work with the snow, he came and made his men take all if the Jews and hit them with leather whips. As the whips came, the Jews were made to call out the number of whips , and if they didnt the whips started over again from one to 25. Although I was numb from the cold, the pain seared through me each time, like being branded by a poker. Leon said putting in his opinion. Whenever he went to Leons working space, Leon got all stiff and scared, especially because he saw Goeth come in one day and take a couple of Jews out with a gun, and those two Jews had no idea he was there. He seemed to thrive on inflicting agony on on the helpless. Leon wrote. But, there was one sort of encouraging thing, whenever Schindler came in, he went up to Leon and talked with him. (considering Leon was one of the youngest Jews on his list) While Leon stood on his little wooden box to give him a boost, they talked for a while. Yet, with all the hard labor work, it didnt make it the tiniest bit easier for Leon.At night, Leon and his family were separated and couldnt sleep in the same place. So, a couple times Leon snuck out to try and find his father and brother first. It took him awhile, but Leon was finally able to find them. But, Leon had to be really stealthy, because if Goeth ever found out or saw it, he wouldve killed Leon right away and not regret anything. He also tried to find his mother, with the same circumstances. I was so small and thin, and my hair was so shaggy, I could pass for a girl; I knew I would be severely punished if I were discovered. Leon wrote when he tried sneaking into the womens bunker to try and find his mom. While the war was coming to an end, Leon always keep the thought in his head that he was going to be killed by the very last bullet in the war. And that thought stuck in his mind throughout the whole holocaust. But that wasnt the case because Leon survived to tell the story.Leon changed his name from Leib Lezjon to Leon when he came to America, but on Schindlers list, he was known as Leib Lezjon, with the rest of the Lezjons. Free at last!When the war finally ended, Leon, his mom, dad, brother and sister then traveled to America for a brighter future. Leon was still young then so he still went to school. Leon then graduated with a teachers license and taught high school kids. Eventually Leon got married, had kids, became an uncle, and soon a grandfather.When Leons family first made it to America, Leon tried to tell his experiences during the holocaust, but nobody would ever listen. So he keep his experi ence to himself. But, after a slight interview with the newspaper, everyone soon knew Leons story and wanted him to show up to events for speeches, and people even wanted autographs. And one fun fact was that whenever Leon gave his speeches, he never read off a script, it was all improvised.

Society in Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 586 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/04/10 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Fahrenheit 451 Essay Ray Bradbury Essay Did you like this example? Ray Bradbury has predicted the future through his stories, especially Fahrenheit 451. I believe Ray Bradbury was trying to send a message in this book. The theme that Bradbury was trying to use through Fahrenheit 451 is that our society needs freedom and knowledge. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Society in Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury" essay for you Create order The society in this book is like the society we are in today. The first way that Bradbury showed this theme was using characters as a way to show different lives. For example, Clarisse was the representation of a life with feelings and purpose. Bradbury made her a curious and brave girl. Clarisse was hit by a car and killed, by a group of kids. When Clarisse was killed it represented the bad part of society, and how careless some people are about life. To show how Clarisse is, he used very fine details to show how unique of a person she was. Another example of Bradbury showing this theme through the characters would be Montags wife, Millie, and her dull life. Montag asks Millie this after Clarisse brought light to him. When Montag showed her the collection of books he has took through the years, her reaction right away was to throw them in the incinerator. Millies personality represented most of the people in Fahrenheit 451s society. Bradbury contrasted these two important people in Montags life to show different lifestyles. The next way that Ray Bradbury showed this theme of a life living with freedom and knowledge, was how Montag survived the fall of his city because of his love for the books. The books represented the truth and freedom they deserved. The story was based off of societys fear of knowledge. Bradbury used this to send out the message to go against that fear and to live the way it should be lived, even if you have to go against all the beliefs there was then. As shown through the book, the city had no idea of what was going on with the war. When asked about the war the information they have is limited. They dont even care enough to try and get more information. The reason of not knowing, is why they were led to their deaths. Montages interest in books and knowledge is what saved him. That is what I think Bradbury was trying to get across, by destroying the city. The entire town burned to ash because of war. The final way that Ray Bradbury showed this theme was the way he had Montag meet Granger. Bradbury wanted to get across the fact that they can restart. Instead of waiting for the world to perish with no meaning, they could do something about it. Granger also told stories about his grandfather. Grangers grandpa could explain why Montag felt so empty. He doesnt want anyone to make the same mistakes of Montag and this society, like we could easily. This is Bradbury showing the theme in a different way, but of the same nature. It is definitely a message that still needs to be shown in todays society. As seen, Ray Bradburys book was more than just a dystopian book. It was the uprising of a controlled society. There are countries and cultures where this book is an actual reality, and destroying books is the law. In the countries where we are are allowed to have book s and our knowledge isnt restricted, we take all of it for granted. There was no interest. Bradbury wrote things in his stories, that showed warnings that are clearly in our society today.

SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT - 1688 Words

SOME SUCCESS STORIES IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Adriano O. Solis, Ph.D. Academic Advisor, NAPM El Paso Wal-Mart Stores Perhaps one of the most commonly cited success stories in supply chain management (SCM) is that of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., which reported total sales of $191.329 billion and a net income of $6.295 billion during the fiscal year ended January 31, 2001 (see www.walmartstores.com). These figures represent a 15.9% growth in total sales and a 17.1% increase in net income over the immediately preceding fiscal year. International sales accounted for $32 billion of the total sales figure, increasing 41% over the previous year. Wal-Mart, which opened its first store in Arkansas in 1962, has retail stores in all 50†¦show more content†¦Under such a system, the vendor—subject to bounds previously agreed upon with the retailer—decides on the appropriate levels of inventory to carry at the retail stores, as well as the corresponding inventory policies to maintain such levels. In the PG and Wal-Mart partnership, PG committed to the development of a dedicat ed team to handle the Wal-Mart account. A primary objective of this team is to facilitate information-sharing between the two firms and address logistics, supply, management information systems, accounting, finance, and other issues (Handfield and Nichols, 1999). Under this arrangement, Wal-Mart shares point-of-sale information from retail outlets directly with PG, giving the latter easy access to information on consumer transactions and buying patterns. PG’s dedicated Wal-Mart account team effectively takes responsibility for the marketing and sales of PG products within Wal-Mart stores. Similar VMI partnerships with other giant retailers have been established by PG. These partnerships have dramatically improved PG’s on-time deliveries to Wal-Mart and the other retailers while increasing inventory turnovers (Simchi-Levi, et al, 2000; Handfield and Nichols, 1999). At the same time, they save the retailer a significant amount of managerial and other resources, and demonstrate how information sharing leads to mutual advantage for bothShow MoreRelatedBest Practices in Inventory Management84369 Words   |  338 PagesBest Practice in Inventory Management This Page Intentionally Left Blank Best Practice in Inventory Management Second edition Tony Wild OXFORD AMSTERDAM BOSTON LONDON NEW YORK PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Butterworth-Heinemann An imprint of Elsevier Science Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041 First published by John Wiley Sons 1997 Second edition published by Elsevier Science Ltd 2002 Copyright  © 2002, ElsevierRead MoreCase Study20441 Words   |  82 PagesScience Title â€Å"SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT† Graduation Project Course: PRODACTION SYSTEM CONTROL Skopje - July, 2011 1 Faculty of Technical Science Title â€Å"SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT† Graduation Project Course: PRODACTION SYSTEM CONTROL Mentor: Prof. (Tarik CAKAR) Performed by: Enis SELAM, Student ID No.08/09.20 Enis_slm@hotmail.com Skopje, July, 2011 2 BRIEF CONTENTS Preface xiii Part I -- Building a Strategic Framework to Analyze Supply Chains Chapter 1 UnderstandingRead MorePG and Walmart Collaboration5345 Words   |  22 PagesSupply-Chain Integration through Information Sharing: Channel Partnership between Wal-Mart and Procter Gamble Michael Grean Director, Information Technology Customer Business Development The Procter and Gamble Distributing Company, 655 East Millsap Road, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72703 Michael J. Shaw Department of Business Administration University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Champaign, IL 61820 Abstract This paper describes the development of channel partnership between a manufacturer (ProcterRead MoreGlobal Pharmaceutical Industry-Overview and Succes4454 Words   |  18 PagesGLOBAL P HARMACEUTICAL I NDUSTRY : O VERVIEW S UCCESS F ACTORS A closer look at the factors affecting growth and development ProText Knowledge Services Global Pharmaceutical Market: Overview 1. Indust ry Overview The pharmaceutical industry of the world develops and markets medicines prescribed for patients by medical practitioners. The U.S., U.K and European pharmaceutical companies are the major ones of the industry. The total number of major pharmaceutical companies (annual revenuesRead MoreGaps Model3894 Words   |  16 Pagesservices gap Management Perceptions of Customer Expectations Not Delivering To Service Designs And Standards Customer-Driven Service Designs and Standards Gap 3 †¢Deficiencies in human resource policies †¢Customers who do not fulfill roles †¢Problems with service intermediaries †¢ Failure to match supply and demand Service Delivery Not Matching Performance To Promises Service Delivery Gap 4 †¢Lack of integrated services marketing communications . †¢Ineffective management of customerRead MoreErp Sap Research Paper46896 Words   |  188 Pages Using MIS 21e  © 2009 Kr oenke, Experiencing MIS  © 2008 Laudon/Laudon, Management Information Systems 10le  © 2007 Laudon/Laudon, Essentials of Management Information Systems 81e  © 2009 Luftman et aI., Managing the IT Resource  © 2004 Malaga, Information Systems Technology  © 2005 McKeen/Smith, IT Strategy in Action  © 2009 McLeod/Schell, Management Information Systems 10le  © 2007 McNurlin/Spr ague, Information Systems Management In Practice 7Ie  © 2006 Miller, MIS Cases: Decision Making with ApplicationRead MorePositioning Strategies in Business Markets10635 Words   |  43 Pagesand degree of integration (i.e. location in the distribution chain), also play an important part. Finally, we offer support to the claim that, level of familiarity with a specific company is a contributing factor to percept ions of the pursued positioning strategies. Concept of positioning Introduction There is general agreement that the concept of positioning has become one of the fundamental components of modern marketing management (Kotler, 2000; Hooley et al., 1998). Its importance is furtherRead MoreYield Management Reading Packet9504 Words   |  39 PagesThe Basics of Yield Management Weld-management systems have boosted revenue at many properties, but these electronic tools are not always compatible with the operating atmosphere of a hotel. If you want to introduce yield management at your property, you may need to make some changes first by Sheryl E. Kimes YIELD MANAGEMENT is becoming part of the standard operating procedure for many hotels with sophisticated electronic property-management systems. Appropriately tailored to the hotels theyRead MoreValuation of Integrated Oil Gas Companies Msc Thesis33042 Words   |  133 PagesOil Gas Companies Irakli Menabde Valuation of Integrated Oil Gas Companies A comparative analysis of methodologies and empirical practices MSc Thesis MSc in International Business and Economics: Cand. Merc Finance and Strategic Management (FSM) Copenhagen Business School Date 09/10/2008 Author: Irakli Menabde MSc Thesis: Valuation of Integrated Oil Gas Companies Irakli Menabde Abstract The paper examines a number of empirically utilised and academically establishedRead MoreThe Impact of Agricultural Sector on Economic Growth in Nigeria18675 Words   |  75 Pageshave been positively impacted upon by several teachers, administrators and scholars, both in Nigeria and overseas. Whatever knowledge I have accumulated and use today has been given to me by others. I am not a ‘self-made man’. While I would mention some persons as a mark of my gratitude and appreciation, the list here cannot be exhaustive of all those who have in one way or the other contributed and still contribute to my research and academic career. I would like to pay tribute to Mr. S. Nwakwanogo

Chekhovs dramatic texts analysis Essay Example For Students

Chekhovs dramatic texts analysis Essay In Chekhovs dramatic texts, he buries many hidden meanings beneath the surface to give the play a deeper and more meaningful dimension. In this play, The Three Sisters, we strongly encounter the theme of isolation and separation various times, and uncover, with this theme, the possible importance of the first line. Father died a year ago. This day exactly. Your saints day, Irina. We first get a sense of loneliness and solitude when we hear of the death of the father, at which point the audience automatically feels a little bit of grief towards the family. This is important. Chekhov, from the first line, already outlines one of the plays themes, and delivers it to the audience, hoping for a response and understanding. Throughout the play, Chekhov continuously pushes and expands the theme, even though discretely. The whole set is quite isolated. The Prozorov household is now in a more desolate location, which re-enforces Chekhovs idea about solitude. The family no longer lives in Moscow, the enormous Moscow, which they consider home. The sisters themselves could say that they are isolated from the local community- Only three surrounded by a flood of ignorance. This is a clear distinction between the intellectual level of the three sisters, and the rest of the society. The education that they received, being the generals daughters, would certainly be better and much more advanced than any common man or woman on the street at that time. The dramatist here relates back to the first line in two ways: firstly he re-enforces the fact that they are not accompanied by anyone, and secondly by introducing the importance of the father in the development of the story. There are however some which could accompany the sisters intellectually. The military. They receive basic school instruction, and so could be seen as educated as well. The problem her is that the army is always on the move, and never stays long in the same place, and cannot, therefore be depended on by the sisters. The army would be the only possible group that the Prozorov family could relate to on an educational level, and seeing that they are constantly away, again leaves the sisters to be isolated. The mention of the father in the first line is of great importance. This because, as we read on in the play, we hear of the father many times, and can also link most of the characters to the three sisters by General Prozorov. Any one in the military knew the late General, and can therefore connect and is a link between family members and the army. Father Prozorov is also the essential link to the city of Moscow. It was he who lived there with them there and it was he who taught them there. This is also why they feel so connected to Moscow, and why they feel so at home there. In Moscowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦nobody knows youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦but yet you belong. The sisters believe that they are more like Moscow civilians, and in the first line, by mentioning the General, the playwright wishes to enforce the necessity of the father in their lives. Another theme which is recognized in the play is perhaps insecurity. The first line can also transmit this to the audience. Father died a year ago. When this line is delivered, the audience right away senses fragility amongst the characters. During speeches in the play, Chekhov frequently uses stage directions, namely tears to show how insecure the sisters are, and the how much they need the support that they no longer have. .u007803787323e309e0e7659a8ecb3b65 , .u007803787323e309e0e7659a8ecb3b65 .postImageUrl , .u007803787323e309e0e7659a8ecb3b65 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u007803787323e309e0e7659a8ecb3b65 , .u007803787323e309e0e7659a8ecb3b65:hover , .u007803787323e309e0e7659a8ecb3b65:visited , .u007803787323e309e0e7659a8ecb3b65:active { border:0!important; } .u007803787323e309e0e7659a8ecb3b65 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u007803787323e309e0e7659a8ecb3b65 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u007803787323e309e0e7659a8ecb3b65:active , .u007803787323e309e0e7659a8ecb3b65:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u007803787323e309e0e7659a8ecb3b65 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u007803787323e309e0e7659a8ecb3b65 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u007803787323e309e0e7659a8ecb3b65 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u007803787323e309e0e7659a8ecb3b65 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u007803787323e309e0e7659a8ecb3b65:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u007803787323e309e0e7659a8ecb3b65 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u007803787323e309e0e7659a8ecb3b65 .u007803787323e309e0e7659a8ecb3b65-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u007803787323e309e0e7659a8ecb3b65:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: ompare and contrast the role of two minor characters from two different plays EssayEssentially the first line explains, uncovers, and connects points in the story. Chekhov ingeniously disguises it as a less meaningful, but still powerful line, and then continues to develop the hidden meanings during the play. The mention of the father perhaps also has a symbolic value, as he would be the mentor of the family, and someone that the sisters could possibly feel secure about. Without him though, the three sisters would perhaps go astray, and find themselves lonely, isolated from anyone else.

Middle Ages Literature free essay sample

The Middle Ages had many interesting characteristics concerning the literature of that time period. The important literary works â€Å"incorporated elements and values drawn from different and conflicting traditions (Patterson 1143). For every opinion, there was another opinion to counter it. Many of the pieces of literature at this time had contradictory ideas in them or had competing interests (Patterson 1144). The literature of this time shows us that â€Å"many people took the central doctrine of Christianity so much for granted that their daily lives seem largely untroubled by the moral and spiritual demands of religion† (Patterson 1144). Another characteristic of the literature was that it alerts us to the â€Å"complexities and dilemmas that any faith poses† (Patterson 1144). The Middle Ages is also called the â€Å"age of chivalry† (Patterson 1144). The literature mainly â€Å"expresses the values of the most powerful members of society, the aristocracy† (Patterson 1144). The aristocracy achieved their power through â€Å"military might† (Patterson 1144). There was also an â€Å"explicit code of chivalry† (Patterson 1145). We will write a custom essay sample on Middle Ages Literature or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The values were â€Å"never entirely consistent with each other† (Patterson 1145). Characters of literature had to choose whether to be a lover or a warrior (Patterson 1145). The main concerns of the literature were â€Å"the demands of religious faith and appropriate use of physical force, and the individual human being working out his or her individual destiny† (Patterson 1145). The literature during this time contributed to a list of vivid characters to the world of literature (Patterson 1145). Writers created unforgettable, complex literary characters to deal with the themes (Patterson 1145). The Middle Ages contrasted to the Renaissance because the Renaissance’s characters had â€Å"greater autonomy and fully realized personalities† (James 1883). The Renaissance’s literature did not judge â€Å"human action by right and wrong but by beauty, memorability, and effectiveness† (James 1886). During the Renaissance, the presence of God was much less dominating (James 1887). Medieval men and women were more concerned with the afterlife, while in the Renaissance they had a preoccupation with this life (James 1886). The Canterbury Tales fits into the Middle Ages well with some characteristics and not quite as well concerning others. For example, the Pardoner in The Canterbury Tales preaches the word of God on a daily basis, yet he is morally corrupt in his everyday life (Chaucer 1759). He preaches of greed, yet is greedy himself (Chaucer 1759). The Pardoner steals from the church, as well as innocent people (Chaucer 1758). Chaucer showed us that people took the doctrine of the church for granted. Other characters in The Canterbury Tales spoke of God and were Christians, yet didn’t bother with feeling morally obligated to act right. The dilemmas of being a Christian in real-life are seen. Some of the characters are Christian but it is more complex and takes an effort to be a Christian. The Canterbury Tales didn’t seem to have contradictory themes necessarily. Chaucer makes his views of various social ranks known through a use of satire. The characters themselves are contradictory, as we see with the Pardoner once again (Chaucer 1758). Since Chaucer has every type of social rank represented, we see his view of these ranks, which does contradict some of the jobs or moral obligations of various people. The characters in the story itself did compete for various interests. They all held different values or beliefs about the world. Chaucer lived during this time period, so it is in a way a more realistic view rather than contradictory. The explicit code of chivalry isn’t necessarily a large component of The Canterbury Tales except for perhaps the Knight and his tale. Chaucer shows that some people were focused on the chivalry act during this time. The Canterbury Tales doesn’t focus on pleasing the aristocracy either. Chaucer wrote from the perspective of every social rank so his book was meant for the poor and rich. Its subject matter was meant to be appealing to all Medieval people. The final characteristic that The Canterbury Tales does follow is the well developed characters. Chaucer had a whole list of realistic, complex characters. These characters could rival the Renaissance’s characters to me. I enjoyed reading about the characters and reading even more of The Canterbury Tales online. The Canterbury Tales fits well with the characteristics of the Middle Ages for the most part. The individual characters do have an individual goal in mind. Chaucer seemed as if he cared about his characters and wanted readers to his get to know them on an individual level, which seems more ahead of his time.

night advice elie essays

night advice elie essays At the beginning of the book Elie has a very strong faith in God and the Jewish religion, but this faith is tested when he is moved from his small town by the Nazi's. Elie has to deal with the death of his family, the death of his innocence, and the death of his God at the very young age of fifteen. He tells us of the horrors of the concentration camp; starvation, beatings, torture, illness, and hard labor. He comes to question how God could let this happen and to redefine the existence of God in the concentration camp. "The night was gone. The morning star was shining in the sky. I too had become a completely different person. The student of the Talmud, the child that I was, had been consumed in the flames. There remained only a shape that looked like me. A dark flame had entered into my soul and devoured it." as Wiesel faces each day and witnesses the starvation, the beatings of innocent people, and the tortures, his faith in God begins to waiver. By the end of the book Wiesel has lost his belief in God. If there is a God, how could he allow this to happen, he wonders. Wiesel is a witness to all the horrible things. The death of his family, the death of his childhood and the death of his God. As the days go by, there are frequent selections. A man with a little stick decides who will live and who will die. This man acts like God. To the right you live, to the left, you die. As Wiesel watches the evil that exists, his belief in the existence of God continues to deteriorate. Wiesel asks, "Where is my God? Where is He?"(61) ...

High-Frequency Trading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

High-Frequency Trading - Essay Example It is the latest technological tool in the history of securities marketing. They assert the trading has lowered trading costs (Shorter and Miller 1-2). They, however, fail to realize that HFT leads to phantom liquidity, engages in manipulative strategies, have systematic risks, and that some HFT firms are involved in front-running. Although substantial evidence suggests that HFT provides market liquidity, it is not always the case. It at times fails to fulfill the liquidity-supplying function. The provision of liquidity by HFT is partially illusionary because it avails small order depth. This implies that HFT market makers usually quote narrow spreads without the will to sell or buy substantial quantities at the quoted prices. The low spreads, therefore, do not last and transacting significant quantities becomes impossible. In addition, it displaces other liquidity suppliers such as certified exchange specialists who are likely to endure in the market even during turbulent times. During the Flash Crash, for example, the sale of one large order caused HFT firms to gain substantial blocks of E-mini shares. As a result, many orders transacted at cheap prices and the index fell rapidly (Jones 1-3). Regulating HFT would, therefore, be important in order to caution liquidity when market conditions are not favorable. To remedy this problem, HFTs should run batch auctions at regular intervals. Under this regulation, exchanges can collect and aggregate available orders to trade securities. They would then be executed at the price when most offers and bids match (Shorter and Miller 34-36). There is a growing concern that HFT in front-running by damaging price discovery processes. In other words, there is growing worry that HFT provides unreliable price information and makes conditions difficult for traders equipped with sound information. It diminishes the market’s potential to

Research news to find stories uncovered by corporate media Paper

News to find stories uncovered by corporate media - Research Paper Example This paper describes the necessity to look deeper into the problems, which seem quite superficial from the first sight but in reality bear a substantial meaning.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Nowadays corporate media ignore some problems which are of paramount importance for the consideration of government. They concentrate their attention on the issues, which are solicited among the population. The widespread magazine articles, such as â€Å"How to lose a guy in 10 days† or â€Å"Life of celebrities† are read every day by the millions of people, without paying attention to the states of things, which take place in the surrounding world. However corporate media is oriented on the demand of the ordinary buyer, which is quite understandable. The regular reader does not want to be concerned about the entire issues, instead he wants to feel released and relaxed. My researches of the problems, ignored by the media of the USA resulted in the following articles: All articles were taken from the site called â€Å"Whowhatwhy†. The authors of the articles made a great success, because they discussed the topics, which were not revealed by means of American corporate media, considering them to be of no importance. However, reading these articles, we understand that such problems must not be ignored by the society. The articles cover the area of truth and society. I will start by the paper of Russ Baker â€Å"Classic Who: Should Pollard be Released?†. The case of Jonathan Pollard (a famous Israel spy) is still in the process of consideration. The thing is that after revealing Pollards connection with Israel authorities, he received a life sentence, which was approved by the court of the USA. However, the Israel members of the alliance were astonished for such a cruelty. They stated that the USA did not have enough evidence to blame Pollard for committing such a crime. The most interesting is that documents, revealed in the CIA appro ved such a possibility, which raised the question of

Industrial Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Industrial Relations - Essay Example On the example of relevant studies and researches, a special attention is paid to the influence of globalization in LDCs’ manufacturing sector. 1. Introduction The modern phenomenon of globalization is a wide-spread issue for the discussion in numerous researches and studies. It cannot be denied that various dynamic phenomena are correlated with this background. The limits of different nations are blurred and it is appropriate to focus on specific criteria for development of different employment patterns, which differ from the ones, which existed previously. Actually, there are many different aspects of globalization and we will further focus on economic globalization. With respect to it, we found it necessary to define the phenomenon of economic globalization: â€Å"Economic globalization refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of international capital and wide and ra pid spread of technologies. It reflects the continuing expansion and mutual integration of market frontiers, and is an irreversible trend for the economic development in the whole world at the turn of the millennium1 † It can be surely claimed that the development of technologies and flow of international capital across different countries enable foreign markets to create a great number of new jobs. Employment goes at a full pace, but very often this process evokes numerous different reactions of the society. On the one hand, globalization has been gradually increasing in the world of economy and different changes happened to foster the processes of globalization. 2. Economic Globalization: Pros and Cons in the Manufacturing Industry of LDCs Let us focus on the economic globalization and its impact on less developed countries (LDCs). In this case we will see the following picture: tariff barriers for international trade became much lower and there is a coming process of a high -speed market development in the world. The world trade, goods and products are on the way of their constant expansion and development. As a result, the cost of transportation and communication around the world are expanding the laws of international regulations. Consequently, conditions of employment for the employees in different fields should be correlated with the options of investments and a free financial flaw. It was found out by Lee (1996) that â€Å"there  is  a  significant  current  of  apprehension over  the  implications  of  globalization  for  employment  and  income  inequality.On  the  face  of  it  this  is  difficult  to  reconcile  wih  the  voluntary  shift  towards  a more  open  world  economy  in  democratic  societies,  which  are  also  the  only countries  where  the  apprehension  is  voiced†2. Moreover, LDCs have many opportunities to follow credit process line of the government and the global society to improve their production. Less developed firms are encouraged and supported internationally. There are many winners in employment nowadays, but there are many losers as well. Globalization often leads to job losses, but at the same time it can create a number of interesting and prospective jobs. There are different patterns of global trade and employment generation is on the prospective edge of having many opportunities for development. Economic  globalization  has always intensified changes of employment patterns. This resulted

Lizards :: essays research papers

Lizards Lizards belong to the class Reptilian, Scientists have said that Reptiles have been on earth for about 200 million years. Lizards make up the largest group of reptiles with more than 4,300 species around the world varying in different shapes and sizes. Lizards look very similar to salamanders but they differ from each other in many ways such as their dry scaly skin and have clawed feet and external ear opening. The majority of lizard are quite small have 4 legs and have a fragile tail that can regenerate when part of it is taken off. Lizards are cold-blooded or ectoderms, which means that they depend on sources outside their bodies like the sun, to raise and maintain there body temperatures. Eating habits vary for lizards and depend upon the species. Some lizards feed only on insects such as the Iguana. On the other hand some eat rodents that roam deserts and eat eggs and small rodents and some feed on both rodents and insects. For protection many lizards use their teeth to scare pre dators off. Lizards are found in tropical and subtropical regions within the world. Few species of lizards are found in temperate regions and none are located in arctic areas. Some lizards are terrestrial, arboreal, or semi-aquatic. Very few lizards are poisonous and use their venom as a defense. Several other species of lizards don’t have a good defensive strategy and rely on camouflage such as the chameleon that is able to change its color according to its surroundings. Females of most lizard species lay eggs then are usually left to hatch on their own. How ever an insignificant amount give birth to living young such as the slowworm. Some female reptiles, mostly green iguanas, do not need a male of their species to begin their reproductive cycle while others do need the presence of one or more males, and need to stimulate the hormone and other changes that lead to egg maturation and laying. To confuse matters more, some female reptiles, especially chelonians, can retain sperm for many years before finally laying a fertilized egg. Most lizards are harmless and benefit humans by keeping the insect populations stable and halt over population. Some species are a source of food; some are killed for their ski ns, but is not illegal in many countries. A vast number of lizards are threatened by violations on their habitat.

Behavior Therapy

Two hypotheses, stimulus-response and stimulus-stimulus theories, explain the working of classical conditioning. Stimulus-response holds that a link to unconditioned stimuli is created with conditioned stimulus in the brain however, conscious consideration is not involved. Secondly, stimulus-stimulus has to do with mental activity, whereby conditioned stimuli are linked to the unconditioned stimuli notion.Stimulus-response (S-R) theory involves a behavioral psychology hypothetical structure which argues that man plus other creatures may be taught to link a novel stimulus (conditioned stimulus- CS)with some pre-existing stimulus (unconditioned stimulus- US), and may feel, respond, or feel the CS as though it were really the US. It argues that animals may be taught to link some SR, like a bell, to upcoming entrance of foodstuffs, leading to some apparent behavior, like salivating (http://psychology.about. com/od/behavioralpsychology/a/classcond. htm). Stimulus-stimulus (S-S) theory arg ues that some cognitive element is required to comprehend classical conditioning. It argues that animals may salivate after the bell since it is linked to th3e food concept. Operant Conditioning Theory Operant conditioning involves using effects to alter the type and happening of conduct. Operant conditioning differs from classical conditioning in that the former tackles alteration of intentional (operant) conduct.Operant behavior functions within the environment; it is controlled by its effects. On the other hand, classical conditioning tackles the habituation of respondent conducts that are drawn out by precursor situations. Conducts conditioned through classical conditioning process are not controlled by effects. Punishment and reinforcement may be negative (removed after a reaction) or positive (given after a reaction), thus creating 4 basic effects, the fifth being extinction (no consequence alteration after a reaction).Reinforcement consequence increases the frequency of occur rence of behavior. Punishment consequence decreases the frequency of occurrence of behavior. Extinction signifies absence of effects. If behavior proves inconsequential, having neither unfavorable nor favorable effects, it occurrence becomes less frequent. If previously strengthened conduct ceases to be strengthened negatively or positively, the reaction reduces. Positive reinforcement happens when a constructive stimulus follows a conduct, thus increasing the frequency of the conduct.Negative reinforcement happens when the withdrawal of aversive stimuli follows a conduct, thus increasing the frequency of the conduct. Positive punishment (punishment through conditional stimulation) happens when a negative stimulus follows a conduct. Negative punishment (punishment through conditional withdrawal) happens when the withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus follows a reaction or behavior. Social cognitive theory It suggests that parts of a persons knowledge gaining may be directly linked to wat ching other persons through social contact, experiences, plus external media pressures.It remains a knowledge hypothesis that argues that persons learn through observing the activities of others plus that individual though procedures are vital in comprehending personality. Despite the fact that the learned conduct obtained from the surroundings persons grow up in significantly influences development, cognition equally influence ethical development. Persons learn though watching others as mediated by the surroundings, cognition, and behavior. Social cognitive theory stresses a huge disparity between a person’s capacity to exhibit moral competence and performance.Moral competence refers to possession of the capacity to depict ethical behavior. Moral performance refers to adhering to individual moral behavior ideas in particular circumstances. The theory emphasizes learning or knowledge gaining though watching models. Observers do not anticipate punishments or rewards; rather, t hey anticipate similar results to their imitated conduct. Within education, instructors act as models in children’s knowledge acquisition. Learning most probably happens when an observer-model intimate identification occurs and when observers have adequate self-efficacy beliefs.Such beliefs act as vital proximal factors for human effect, action, and motivation, which control action by cognitive, effective, and motivational intervening procedures. Identification permits observers to sense a one-on-one linkage with the model. Observer are thus more probable to attain such replications if they feel they have the capacity to adhere to the imitate actions. Considering many factors (cognitive, social, and environmental) is the simplest way of displaying ethical development. The inter-linkage of such factors offers additional insight regarding morality.Behavior Therapy Techniques Key interventions to behavioral therapy were developed from functional analysis which tackles issues lik e couple relationships’ intimacy, couples’ forgiveness, continual pain, persistent distress, depression, substance misuse, obesity, and anxiety. Even issues commonly encountered by therapists, like client struggle, involuntary clients, and busy clients, have been tackled through functional analysis. Third Generation Behavior Therapy entails a group endorsing radical behaviorism and functional analysis and opposing cognitivisim.It involves: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT); Behavioral Activation (BA); Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP; Functional Analytic Psychotherapy; Dialectical behavior therapy; and Integrative Behavioral Couples Therapy. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy is founded on Relational Frame Theory. Functional Analytic Psychotherapy is founded upon functional analyses of therapeutic relationships. It focuses on therapeutic contexts and reverts to using in-session reinforcement.Behavioral Activation came from a constituent scrutiny of cognitive behavior therapy. It is founded upon a corresponding reinforcement model. Integrative Behavioral Couples Therapy analyses the discrepancies between rule-governed and contingency-shaped behaviors. Such analysis is merged with a comprehensive evaluation of couples’ association. References Wagner, K. V. (2009). Introduction to classical conditioning. Retrieved July 6th 2009 from, http://psychology. about. com/od/behavioralpsychology/a/classcond. htm

Equal Opportunity Women

Sample details Pages: 20 Words: 6095 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Women in Management This paper looks at the issue of women in management within the financial services sector, focusing on high street banks in the United Kingdom, in the context of addressing the issue of gender discrimination within top management. This is done by looking at past and present published papers that revolve around the subject matter under a theoretical hypothesis. The theoretical hypothesis, which is based on published material on women in management, is used to explain the issues surrounding women in management. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Equal Opportunity Women | Management Dissertations" essay for you Create order Three high street banks were assessed as case studies to identify the issue of gender discrimination within UK banks. The outcomes are also categorised under specific themes. Finally a critical review of matches and mismatches is used to compare and contrast similarities between the theoretical hypothesis and the empirical evidence gathered for this paper. Chapter 1: The Concept of Women In Management Since the end of the Second World War, organisations all over the world have been slow to recognize the importance of women in the development and building of strong solid leadership from within. This has raised serious issues with regard to top management particularly within the financial services sectors, being male dominated, not allowing women into positions of authority, or top management. Although, organisations all over the world have moved on since then, and there have been positive results so far in todays modern day society, however the relative percentage of women in relation to men in top management positions still remains unsolved. In the United Kingdom, certain sectors seem to have made substantial progress with regard to addressing these issues, e.g. the financial sectors, and the health and social services. However, this is not the case across the whole spectrum of job sectors. E.g. the military, production services, distribution, Information and communication technology, and agriculture. Aims and Objectives The aim of this paper is to address the issue of top management, which is predominantly male dominated, within the financial services sector allowing and encouraging women to progress into management positions in their field of expertise. I.e. Understanding the problems associated with women breaking through the glass ceiling into top management within the financial services sector. The objective of this research is to first provide a detailed analysis of the theoretical aspects that women face when it comes to stepping into management positions within banks in the United Kingdom. Secondly, to understand the processes and mechanisms that are inherent within financial organisations that slowdown the pace of women into management positions. Thirdly, to highlight the issue of gender discrimination associated with the latter mentioned. Lastly, I will critically appraise the validity of published material so far covering women in management in the context of equal opportunity policies and flexible work patterns. Chapter 2: Existing Literature Reviewed Over the past 50 years gender inequalities i.e. women in management, particularly within the UK banking sector has been the subject of bureaucratic scrutiny to a certain degree. For example Crompton (1989)states that UK banks have increasingly become the major employers of female labour. However, women in banks have not historically had the same career opportunities as men, for a variety of reasons, ranging from deliberate male exclusion practices to the broken and often short-term nature of many womens work histories. Additionally, the contrast between the experiences of men and women in the same occupation is used to question the conventional view of occupational class analysis, where the (male) occupational structure is treated as if it were the class structure. Rutherfords (1999) case study of banking, also illustrates how the discourses of gendered biological and psychological difference might be used to justify the scarcity of women in management grades and in so doing reproduce the status quo of male domination. After all, if women were not suited to management in banking what would be the point of creating policies to attempt to improve their representation there? Thus jobs become infused with stereotyped characteristics, which are believed to be linked to gender, race (Liff and Dickens, 2000) and to some extent age. Alvesson and Billing (1997) talks about the pressures for homogeneity and cultural competent behaviour. This involves individuals, consciously or unconsciously, conforming and adapting to organisational norms in order to fit in or progress their careers, for example by adopting the expected and desired language, work style, appearance and so on. The demand for cultural competence reinforces and reproduces the dominant, from which those who do not comply, or conform, remain excluded. Collin son (1990) argues about the cultural assumptions underlying male managers stereotypes of male and female attributes. He states that when evaluating male candidates, involvement in sport was a definite advantage, whereas females sporting achievements we reread as indicative of a very narrow existence. Another example was behaviour of men which was described as pushy when exhibited by female candidate and as showing initiative when a male candidate was involved. Thus women were less likely to be recruited to what were viewed as gender-incongruent jobs. It must also be recognised that policy approaches, which focus on certain groups of employees most typically women and ethnic minorities, tend to engender employee resentment (Cockburn, 1991; Miller and Rowney, 1999). Webb (1997) adds that ironically the radical feminist agenda, which asserts womens differences from men and their potential for creating a better world, had been adapted to the concerns of liberal feminism with providing rationale for the promotion of women in management, on the grounds that womens nurturing capacities contribute to the diversity needed by post-modern organisations. Webb (1997) goes on to state that we need to move beyond the ultimately limiting debate about whether women are the same as or different from men to a renewed concern with the material conditions of womens lives and with the construction of equality initiatives which address the continuing exclusion of many women from adequate standards of living. Rees (1998) argues that relative strenuous efforts to tackle discrimination and disadvantage within the organisation are hampered by structural inequalities at societal level, in particular the interrelationship between education, training and employment. The continued existence of social inequalities could be said to indicate that as a society we are not yet ready to value gender diversity, or ethnic diversity, adopting the language will not make it happen. However, this should not be used as an excuse for organisational inertia or fatalism. Businesses have social responsibilities (one of these is to treat employees fairly) and they also have a need for social legitimacy in order to survive in the longer term (Miller and Rowney, 1999). This would point to need for organisations to value workforce diversity, irrespective of the purchase of short-term solutions. Sisson (1995) also adds that the problem with regard to women in management within the UK banking industry is that most organisations are predominantly concerned with the bottom line, short-term profitability and this orientation militates against long-term agendas. This renders it all the more important that the retrograde step of abandoning or neglecting equal opportunity policy should be avoided. Dickens (1994) argues that there is not a business case but a series of business rationales that are contingent. Organizational and managerial receptiveness to them is uneven, and they lead to only selective action. He goes on to state that the business case carrot shares a similar weakness to the legal compliance stick. Calls for action beyond the individual organisation in a multi-pronged approach requiring state action, in which equality legislation and business case rationales each have apart to play. Chapter 3: Research Approach and Methodology Employed Research Approach The research approach will be carried out using the positivist case research approach. According to Cavite (1996), positivist epistemology tries to understand a social setting by identifying individual components of a phenomenon and explains the phenomenon in terms of constructs and relationships between constructs. The theoretical constructs describing the phenomenon are considered to be distinct from empirical reality. Hence, empirical observations can be used to test theory. This looks at the world as external and objective. Positivism employs four major research evaluation criteria: a good research should make controlled observations, should be able to be replicated should be generalizable and should use formal logic. Under positivism, case research findings are not statistically generalizable to a population, as the case or cases cannot be considered representative of a population, however, case research can claim theoretical generalizability. This will also include comparing, contrasting and critically evaluating past and present papers, articles, journals, and established theories that have been published on the subject matter. Methodology Employed Multiple-Case Study Design This project uses the multiple case study method in order to enable analysis of data across cases and relating it to the theoretical perspectives in the available literature of Information systems strategy. This enables the researcher to verify that findings are not merely the result of idiosyncrasies of research setting (Miles andHuberman, 1984). According to Yin (1994), in such a method it is important to use: multiple sources of evidence. Due to the time constraint attached with this paper, only three case studies of Women in management within the UK banking sector were gathered. The appropriate number of cases depends, firstly, on how much is known about the phenomenon after studying a case and secondly, on how much new information is likely to emerge from studying further cases(Eisenhardt, 1997). The paper provides three case studies of UK high street banks namely HSBC, NatWest Bank, and Lloyds TSB. Comparing and contrasting the roles of the women who are in the top management in these banks. Qualitative Data Cavite (1996) states that qualitative investigation refers to distilling meaning and understanding from a phenomenon and is not primarily concerned with measuring and quantification of the phenomenon. Direct and in-depth knowledge of a research setting are necessary to achieve contextual understanding. Hence, qualitative methods are associated with face-to-face contact with persons in the research setting, with verbal data being gathered. Qualitative data can be collected in a number of forms. One major form of qualitative evidence is interviews, which may be recorded and later transcribed. Qualitative data are rich, full, holistic real their face validity seems impeachable; they preserve chronological flow where that is important. In spite of the above mentioned, qualitative data have weaknesses (Miles1979; Miles and Huberman, 1984). Collecting and analysing data is time-consuming and demanding. In addition, data analysis is not easy, as qualitative data analysis methods are not well established. Recognised rules of logic can be applied to verbal data in order to make sense of the evidence and to formally analyse the data. Rubin and Rubin (1995) state that it is most desirable to disclose the identities of both the case and the individuals interviewed because, The reader is able to recall any other previous information he or she may have learned about the same case from previous research or other sources in reading and interpreting the case report. The entire case can be reviewed more readily, so that footnotes and citations can be checked, if necessary, and appropriate criticisms can be raised about the published case. Nevertheless, there are some occasions when anonymity is necessary. The most common rationale is that when the case study has been on controversial topic, anonymity serves to protect the real case and its real participants. The second reason is that the issuance of the final case report may affect the subsequent actions of those that were studied. In the case of this paper, the positions of the participants within the organisations interviewed are mentioned. However, anonymity is adopted to protect the Identities of the participants and the real case. Why? Because the issue of women in management within Banks in the UK has been a long standing problem, in which revealing their names could hinder future revelations on their part and their jobs. The remainder of this paper proceeds as follows: Chapter 4: Theoretical Hypothesis on Women in Management Chapter 5: Empirical Analysis (Three Banks) Chapter 6: Comparing and contrasting Theoretical Hypothesis and Empirical Analysis Chapter 7: Summary and Conclusion. Chapter 4: Theoretical Hypothesis of Women In Management In order to have a clear understanding of women in management, we will first need to identify the meaning attached to this phenomenon. Since the mid 1990s, womens representation amongst executives has doubled and amongst company directors it has tripled. At the same time there has been an overall increase in women working in management jobs. However, women still comprise less than a quarter of executives and only one in ten company directors. The glass ceiling, the situation where women can see but not reach higher level jobs and so are prevented from progressing in their careers, appears still to exist in many organisations. This is what led to the creation of the terminology women in management. Several key factors account for the continuing low representation of women in management. Firstly, like most other occupations, there is a tendency for some types of management jobs to be associated with either women or men. For example, whilst women are comparatively well represented in personnel and the public sector, men still predominate in production management and Information and communication technology. Secondly, opportunities to work part-time are limited, with only six present of managers and senior officials employed part-time. Although it may be difficult to carry out some management functions on a part-time basis, there are still far too few opportunities for flexible working at senior levels in organisations. With this in mind, we can now move on to discuss the theoretical perspectives of women in management. There are several already established theoretical perspectives that have been used to gather a better understanding of this issue, however, the ones used in this paper are: 1) Issues and problems facing women reaching the top (manager) 2) Why so few women reaching the top? 3) Why are women workers still going cheap? 4) What causes the gender pay gap? 5) Have women achieved equality in the UK banking industry? 4.1 Issues and problems facing women reaching the top (manager) Several factors account for the continuing low representation of women reaching the top. One of the key issues is that women consider family obligations and the predominance of male values in corporate culture to be the main obstacles to career advancement for them. The nature of the obstacles blocking womens progress to higher management varies, however, from those encountered at lower levels. Higher ranking female bank managers seem to experience discrimination to a greater extent, both on terms of structural and cultural barriers, where insufficient personal contacts and dominance of male values adversely affect their advancement. The difficulties women face in reaching the top is also reflected in the higher levels of education and effort often demanded of them. The hurdles facing women aspiring to management jobs can be so formidable that they sometimes abandon efforts to make it to the top of large firms. They often take their energy and know-how to smaller and more flexible companies or set up their own businesses. Another principal constraint on the level and type of labour market participation of women is the responsibility they carry for raising children and performing household tasks. An important feature of professional and especially managerial work is the extended working hours that seem to be required to gain recognition and eventual promotion. It can be practically impossible to reconcile the long hours often required of management staff with the amount of time needed to care for a home and children, not to mention care of the elderly. Yet the availability of part-time managerial work varies across organisations. Women who desire both a family and a career often juggle heavy responsibilities in both domains. Those who opt for part-time work early in their careers may find their advancement hampered, even after a return to full-time employment, since their male counterparts will have invested heavily in career building during the same period. 4.2 Why so few women reaching the top? Few women gain access to the highest positions as executive heads of organizations and, despite some improvements, many would claim that the pace of change is still far too slow given the large number of qualified women in the labour market today. Where figures are available (ILO data, 2002), they show women holding from 1 present to 5percent of top executive positions. While it must be acknowledged that time is still needed for women at junior and middle management levels(those in the pipeline) to move into executive positions, the fact still remains that women are not moving quickly enough nor insufficient numbers into line or strategic positions. Yet this factories crucial for enlarging the pool of women aspiring to senior positions and for building a critical mass of senior women for networking and providing role models for those down the line. Speeding up womens movement towards the top requires that recruitment and promotion methods be objective and fair. Above all, there has to be awareness and commitment from directors of companies as to the benefits for their organizations from promoting women to high-level managerial positions. Women seem to experience the most difficulty in obtaining executive jobs in large corporations, even though they often have greater opportunities at junior and middle management levels in these same corporations. Another reason for this purge is the educational attainment required for top management positions. Evidence provided byte Equal opportunities Commission in the United Kingdom suggest that, in some cases women do not have the educational qualifications to get into management positions, and even when that is not the case, they still do find it hard to break into management, due to the fact that its predominantly male dominated. Another reason is that few senior women are in the so called line positions that involve profit and loss or revenue generating responsibilities, and which are critical for advancement to the highest level. Additionally, in the United Kingdom, the share of women among financial managers rose from 11 present to 17percent in the 1980s and still increasing, although they are still outnumbered by men in top management positions in the 21st century. 4.3 Why are women workers still going cheap? Much of womens work has historically tended to be undervalued or unrecognized. While the United Nations system and governments are making more systematic efforts to value and account for womens work in national statistics, research on women in management is a relatively new field and comparisons over time and across countries are limited. This is further made complicated by the range of definitions employed and the non-availability of statistics for different countries overtime. Under a report provided by the United Nations in 1996 called the Human development report, it states that no society treats its women as well as men. A gender related development index was created to record achievements and monitor progress. This is based on life expectancy, educational attainment and income, but adjusts the latter mentioned for gender equality. They noted that life expectancy rates are positively affected by care in different forms, such as social support and social relationships. For example, unmarried adults have higher mortality rates than married ones and, according to them, children in a caring environment fare better in terms of health than those who lack this attention. It is not only the weak and sick that need care to prosper; even the healthiest of adults need a certain amount of care. A deficit in care services not only destroys human development, but it also undermines economic growth. That these factors are overlooked has considerable implications for gender equality, as women still carry the main responsibility for care. Gender discrimination is perpetuated through the lack of value placed on womens caring role in society. As managers, women are affected byte common assumption that in the event of building families they will bear the main burden of responsibility arising out of this. Thus, there is not the same degree of investment in women. They are less likely to receive the same encouragement or career advice through mentoring as men. Another important factor is that in some countries equal opportunity policies tend to be established within organizations, however, in some countries they are not strictly adhered to. In the Ukase scheme known as Opportunity 2000 was launched in 2000. Its member included 300 organizations ranging from the financial services to the educational departments. They agreed to increase the number of women into management positions, and between 1994 to 2000, womens share of management positions increased from 25 present to 35 present. Therefore, one can say although women are still going cheap in certain jobs in other parts of the world this is not the case universally. 4.4 What causes the gender pay gap? A difference in management positions does tend to contribute to earnings differentials. Although rates of pay may be similar, actual earnings can vary because of the different salary packages offered to managers, which provide various fringe benefits and access to certain schemes for boosting bonuses. Earnings gaps may also reflect differences in seniority and concentration of women in low-paid managerial sub-groups. Additionally, certain jobs tend to be affiliated with men and to women, i.e. productions and manufacturing jobs tend to be affiliated with men, while nursing, and household jobs tend to be affiliated with women, this contributes to the pay gap between men and women. Within the Banking sector in the United Kingdom, there has been an increase of the number of women into both middle and top management. However, the positions they tend to head are not profit-making positions or revenue generating positions, which are positions of higher pay and responsibility. They tend to be based within the retail, customer services, and bookkeeping departments, which are areas of significance to the organization, but are of less repute. 4.5 Have women achieved equality in the UK banking industry? In the area of finance, women have certainly increased their share of management positions, although at a varying pace. In the United Kingdom, the share of women among financial managers rose from 11 present to 17 present during the 1980s and at the turn of the century increased to 25 present. While women have captured an ever-increasing share of the labour market, improvements in the quality of womens jobs have not kept pace. This is reflected in the smaller representation of women in management positions, particularly in the private sector, and their virtual absence from most senior jobs, i.e. Directorships, or Presidents of Banks. Wage differentials in male and female managerial jobs stem from the reality that even when women hold management jobs, they are often in less strategic lower-paying areas oaf companys operations. They are also linked to the fact that women managers tend to be younger on average, as most senior jobs tend to be dominated by older men. Despite the persistent inequalities at managerial level, the continuous entry of women into higher-level jobs is being addressed; however, they still remain under-represented in senior management. With few exceptions, the main challenge appears tube the sheer slowness in the in the progress of women into senior leadership positions in organizations, which suggests that discrimination is greatest where the most power is exercised. However, the growth in entrepreneurship and increasing numbers of women running their own businesses, both large and small, heralds a different future for societies. The economic power gained by women will play a key role in the struggle to sweep aside gender inequalities in all walks of life in which the UK banking sector is no exception. Chapter 5: Empirical Analysis In this chapter I present (3)case descriptions from my research on Women in management within the Banking Sector. The descriptions are organised in terms of the following headings; Continuity and Change in Womens twentieth century in comparison to now experience, the position of women in the financial industry in general, the position of women in the UK banking sector, the changing role of women in the UK banking sector, pay differentials, women broken through glass ceiling, employment law and maternity right, and balancing work and family responsibilities. Due to the short timespan to collect data and incorporate to this paper I have been limited to three UK high street banks. The names of the individuals interviewed are not mentioned to protect confidentiality. It must be said that there are some differences in the both the quality and quantity of data available between the cases described, but in each case there is sufficient data for comparability across the features mentioned above. Women managers or the most senior of positions with regard to women in the three high street banks are analysed to address the issue of women in management. See Appendix A for the questions used. All interviews lasted approximately 40 minutes. 5.1 Case Study 1: Natwest Bank Continuity and Change in Womens twentieth century in comparison to now experience The Woman interviewed was the manager of the branch. She is responsible for 25 people in the branch. She argues that in the past there were no female managers, most women, were household wives and lacked career progression. She believes that a lot has changed over the past 20 years and that within the bank a lot of progress has been made with regard to women into management positions. Additionally, she states that there is a continuing need to have women in management positions because it depicts the bank as being an equal opportunities bank. The position of women in the financial industry in general She argues that they are a lot more women in Finance ministries, central banks, and banking supervisory agencies, which are among the most important political institutions with regard to the coordination and regulation of the financial system than the case maybe in the past. The position of women in UK banking sector She states that although there has been a huge increase in the number of women in management positions within the bank, relative to male managers, it is small percentage that are in this category compared to over 50 years ago. The changing role of women in the UK banking sector She believes that the role of women in the bank has changed over the years. In the past women within the bank were more concentrated in the retail department, but more and more women are going into the trading of stocks and products which are revenue generating departments within the bank. Pay Differential She states categorically, that she is quite happy and content with how much she is being paid and comparing herself to her male counterpart sat other branches of the bank, there isnt a difference with regard other pay package (its the same). Women broken through glass ceiling She believes that within NatWest bank the case of women breaking through the glass ceiling is not an issue. As far as she is concerned if you have the right qualifications and attributes, you will make it through regardless of gender differences. Employment law and Maternity right She argues that there are policies within the bank that ensures equal opportunities for both male and female employees to get into top management. And that women are encouraged to take maternity leave if needs be, and when they are ready to come back to their previous position the job would still be there. Flexible part-time work is available for those who fall under this category she says. Balancing work and Family For the hours she works, it could affect family life being the manager of the branch, however, for the top directors within the bank the want staff to have a good work and family life balance. They do encourage women, if they need to go out on maternity leave and come back to their previous job. 5.2 Case Study 2: Hong-Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Continuity and Change in Womens twentieth century in comparison to now experience The Woman interviewed was the branch counsellor (Customer services/accounts); she is the most senior woman (retail). She is responsible for 5 people. She argues that in the Bank there were few female managers compared to their male counterparts. Although she believes a lot has changed over the years with regard to women getting into management positions, she states that due to the lack of proper qualifications and starting a family, women have not in general been able to move into management positions. The position of women in financial industry in general She argues that there are not enough women in the financial industry. She acknowledges that there have been improvements but that there is still barrier. The position of women in the UK banking sector She believes that only the determined ones (women) get through. However, from heron knowledge of the bank, there are not a lot of women in top management positions. The changing role of women in the UK banking sector The branch counsellor states that when a woman says she works in a bank it would be depicted that she works as a secretary. This is due to the lack of qualifications and top management being male dominated, the role of women within the bank has remained static. Pay Differential She states that there are certain grades within the bank and each and every person is categorised into one of those grades. The salary band is applied in that manner. She states that for the job responsibilities, she is quite content and happy with what she is being paid, however there is still need for improvement. Women broken through glass ceiling She argues that there is a glass ceiling within the bank and women can only go so far. She adds that women tend to leave to have children and look after the home. Also, she says that there are gender diversity policies within the bank, but they are not adhered to from top management. Employment law and maternity right Within the bank there is policy that allows for part-time flexible work patterns. Legally, they have to keep the position for you, if for example you left to have baby. Personally she wont give up her job because she has a baby, she would hope to return and get it back in due course. Balancing work and family She suggests that staff within the bank have the option to balance family and work, if they wanted to take leave and come back there is a policy in the bank that states that top management would need to accommodate this. 5.3 Case Study 3: Lloyds TSB The woman interviewed was the branch manager and majority of what she had to say (98%) in relation to the questions asked tallied with what the branch manager at NatWest bank stated. The case studies mentioned in the above sections provides much needed evidence of the way women in management, particularly within the Banking sector are treated. This includes organizational policies which top management need to adhere to for gender diversity. Reasons for this stem from the fact that different methodologies and approach are regarded as best practice by top management in financial organisations, than one would anticipate. Therefore, it is notable that within two of the organisations mentioned, women in management is not an issue, while just one HSBC claims that there is an issue which needs to be addressed. Chapter 6: Critical Analysis of Theoretical Hypothesis and Empirical Evidence The critical analysis in this chapter covers all aspects relating to the theoretical hypothesis of women in management from published books and articles, and the empirical evidence presented in the previous chapter. An analysis is made as to whether there is any consistency from the published material so far gathered and the empirical evidence presented. One could say that there are certain consistencies with regard to the theory presented and the evidence gathered and a number of inconsistencies. For example, within HSBC bank, the fact that there Isa low representation of women in top management accounts for the fact that there are no female role models within the bank for women to look up to. Also, the fact that education plays an important role in reaching top management, the Branch manager at HSBC was right, in saying lack of qualifications played a part in women reaching top management positions. Additionally, if pregnant, women would need to take maternity leave to have a child. This correlates with why few women reach the top. All the women acknowledge that there has been progress made with regard to more women reaching top management however; they state that the progress is slow. This is due to certain types of jobs affiliated to women and men. Most women managers can be found in less strategic jobs(i.e. retail positions) with less pay; comparing with the jobs which are male dominated, who tend to be in more profit generating positions and hence better pay. From the perspective of the being a branch manager two of the women felt content with what they were being paid, which does not correlate with the theoretical hypothesis of a gender pay gap. Lastly, in relation to women breaking through the glass ceiling, the theoretical hypothesis on this does correlate with what the highest-ranking female at HSBC said i.e. there is a problem with regard to women reaching the top. While at the other two banks, they claim it is not an issue. Although, one has used the theoretical hypothesis so far published and analysed matches or mismatches with regard to the three high street banks, there is no guarantee that in a few years time, the same situation with the three women at the banks mentioned, would still be the case. People change, policies change and we as human beings are constantly evolving, so one should take this as a trend overtime, rather than as fact. Summary and Conclusion This paper has looked at past and present published paper on Women in Management particularly within the financial services sector in the UK. Theoretical hypothesis such as issues and problems facing women reaching the top, why so few women reaching the top, why are women workers still going cheap, what causes gender pay gap, and have women achieved equality in UK banking industry are used to categorize published facts about the subject matter. We have used a positivist approach for the case study design method to carry out case study analysis. Qualitative data analysis is the method used to gather empirical evidence in this paper. Three high street banks in the United Kingdom, is used as case studies to gather empirical evidence on women in management. The information gathered was categorized under the following headings, continuity and change in womens twentieth century in comparison to now experience, the position of women in the financial industry in general, the position of women in the UK banking sector, the changing role of women in the UK banking sector, pay differential, women broken through glass ceiling, employment law and maternity right, and balancing work and family. Finally, an analysis of both the theoretical hypothesis and the empirical evidence gathered were critically analysed to identify any matches or mismatches between the latter mentioned. Women in management is a very new topic in the 21stcentury. We as humans are constantly evolving and new issues are always being raised; it is therefore worthwhile to state that the information provided in this paper is bound to change in a few years within the banks mentioned. However, from a critical perspective we can see that the theoretical hypothesis presented here is one that needs further in-depth investigation ranging from cultural differences to inbuilt norms within these banks, which indirectly affect women being able to progress in top management. This will obviously be the responsibility of various government bodies and top management within these banks to be able to develop sound policies that would need to be strictly adhered to in order to tackle such an issue. Putting all this in mind there are theoretical issues that would need to be formally developed with accuracy within the concept of women in management. Concepts such as Equal employment policies, gender review pay packages across financial banks, discriminatory regulatory, gender protection policies, and the encouragement of women to attain higher educational qualifications are concepts that both the government and executive management need to look at more closely in order to derive the potential and talent that women across the world have that would eventually lead to the progress and goals of banks or any organisation as a whole.