The Truth Of Dreams :: essays research papers

Dreams, what are dreams? For many years I meet wondered what dreams are do of. After much thought and deliberation I pass on stumbled upon three possible answers to this question. First of all, I think it could be a period of centre escape from reality and all of the problems that reality brings with it. Second, I believe that dreams provide a time of contemplation of past mistakes and what would have been the outcome if a unlike choice would have been made. Third, I think dreams may contain the simple answers to difficult problems which the mind overlooked and disregarded as to basic of a dissolving agent for such a complex problem.The day is stressful, and through the day wizard does non always have a time to rest and relax. Dreams provide a way to relive this stress. It does this by allowing the mind to escape to anywhere it desires. Thus allowing eight hours to be anything ones heart wants and needs. Dreams may be the precisely way for one to live out their dreams.We all know we make mistakes, we can not help but to make mistakes, it is human nature. Dreams provide us with an open opportunity to look back and analyze the mistake and choice. Looking close at a mistake and its eventual consequences along with the choices one did not make and consciences one did not receive provides us with a golden opportunity to not make the same mistake again.Answers, everyone needs answers to ones problems to live. Problems from where one will find ones next meal to what sort of life is in the outer most part of the solar system. all(a) day long the brain thinks of very complex answers to these highly complex problems. Sometimes, and only sometimes the simple answer is better than the complex answer, but if one is looking for the complex answer how can one find the simple answer? Dreams, while asleep ones brain can not function on the same level as when one is awake. Therefore, when one is asleep and is still looking for the answer one will not have any other exce pt the simple answer to think about. This will show one the correct answer so one will have it when one wakes up the next morning.

What Is Enterprise Acrhitecture Essay -- Information Technology Essays

What is Enterprise architecture?Enterprise Architecture is the link between strategy and implementation. It is a reach down view of the structure of systems it includes the fundamental organization of a system, embodied by its components, their relationships to each other and the environment, and the principles guiding its design. It can be defined asA means for describing business structures and processes that connect business structures.www.sei.cmu.edu/architecture/glossary.html There are four areas that are commonly accepted as the components of the overall march work. These are Business Process.This includes strategy, governance, organisation, and key business processes. The Data.This describes the structure of an organisations data assets.Applications.This provides an overview for the individual application systems to be deployed, their interactions, and their relationships to the business processes of the organization. Technology.This describes the logical software and hardwa re that are postulate to support the deployment of business, data, and application services. This includes IT infrastructure, networks, communications, processing, etc. It is can be used to experience the current view of the business process and also where the business wants to go and how to get there. It can be viewed as city planning for IT covering the overall business processes and IT assets, how theyre used, and how they should be built. What Impact could it have on the business?A sacrosanct Enterprise Architecture process helps to answer basic questions like What are the organizations business processes, and how is IT supporting those processes? In general, the essential reasons for developing an Enterprise... ...requirements of an organization. The required IS and business capabilities to happen upon these requirements.It is important to include all relationships with external entities to help ensure proper integration with their systems.Required changes within the orga nization this.This includes identifying the gaps between where you are and where you want to be. erstwhile agreement has been reached that this is right for the company and backing received for the key stakeholders the company then needs toAgree priorities for delivery.This needs to be planned in teachable stages to accommodate the companys capacity to handle change. The company should also keep in mind the dependencies between one system and another or the possibility to run systems in parallel during the change over. Develop the required solutions. Agree standards.Evolve solutions.

Robinson Crusoe Essay -- essays research papers

Robinson CrusoeI believe the most interesting character in this book was Robinson Crusoe. He is a young man who runs away from home to stress adventure and excitement as a seaman. He does indeed find adventure, though much more than he had hoped for. He is ship wrecked on a remote island, where he lives most of his life alone. This could be the end of the story of Robinson Crusoe, but its really only the beginning. On the island, begins to wonder nigh many things. Eventually he makes many discoveries. Some strange, some horrible. But though everything, he keeps his faith in God.The story of Robinson Crusoe starts in sixteen thirty-two, in northern England. His father was a merchant who had grown very rich and settled on...

The Genius by Frank O’Connor Essay -- Genius Frank Oconnor Essays

The Genius by Frank OConnorThe boys personality and his intelligence information are swiftly established inthe opening paragraph. His mother is presented as being a stronginfluence on him and appears as a descriptor of ally against the roughchildren savages as she describes them that live and play in thearea. It is clear that she encourages him to regard himself asdifferent and separate from them, but it is equally obvious that heis not anxious to associate with them anyway. He describes himself asa cissy by conviction and says that he regarded the idea of fightingas some(prenominal) unprepossessing and dangerous. He avoids rough games andprefers the company of girls to boys only because they dont fight somuch.Religion seems to play an unusually important procedure in his life and itseems probable that this is a reflection of his close relationshipwith Miss Cooney. He himself uses our Blessed Lord as a kind of defense against bullies who might otherwise hammer his head on the pavement. It is evident from the way he uses argument that he isunusually articulate for his age, and this is a reflection of both hisnatural intelligence and his strong preference for adult company.The fact that his mother has told him about geniuses makes it clearthat she has high ambitions for him. This is reinforced by the factthat sheWorried herself continuously finding answers to my questions.Miss Cooney, however, plays an important role in encouraging andfeeding the boys sense of himself as someone special. Although a real eccentric and even unstable woman, she recognises hisintelligence and, by making her religious books freely available tohim, seeks to plant and foster the growth of the idea th... ...y life, but also to Frank OConnorsdiscussion of the short storey in The Lonely Voice (1963). OConnorcompares the romance and the short story whereas the novel can adhereto the classical concept of civilized society, of man as an animal wholives in a community...the short st ory remains by its precise natureremote from the community - romantic, individualistic, andintransigent. The relevance of aspects of this will echo through mydiscussion of a story by Tobias Wolff in the final section of mypaper.For OConnor, the short story is concerned with individuals who aremarginalised, or who marginalise themselves these individuals areoutlawed figures wandering about the fringes of society...As aresult, there is in the short story at its most characteristicsomething we do not often find in the novel - an intense awareness ofhuman loneliness.

Apollinarius and His Teachings Essay -- Religion History

Apollinarianism is the heresy, which denied the completeness of Christs humanity named after Apollinarius of Laodicea born circa 312 315 who became a bishop of Laodicea in 360. Originally, a supporter of orthodoxy against the Arians, his Christological teaching becomes a heresy among scholars, at a synod in Rome in 374-80 and by the Council of Constantinople in 381. The Christology of Apollinarius is summarised as, one hypostasis, one physis, one prosopon and one energia (activity). The intention of this essay is to examine the background of Apollinarius and his teachings. It allow for also look at his main opponents Gregory of Nazianzus and Gregory of Nyssa.BackgroundApollinarius of Laodicea is the last of the great extraordinary thinkers of his time influenced by Hellenic position. Apollinarius was a man of great breeding influenced by his father a grammarian also called Apollinarius. His father left his hometown and settled at Berytus as a schoolmaster, and later had moved to Laodicea. Apollinarius formed friendships with potent figures in early church society such as Epiphanius. If Apollinarius was not born in the faith then he had been a Christian for umpteen years. He was then ordained priest at Laodicea. He was familiar with classical literature and wanted his son Apollinarius born between 312 and 315 to have a good education. Not much is known about the life of his son Apollinarius of Laodicea he was enthusiastic to the formulation of the Nicene faith and was left to develop his theological theories, during his life time he made many works which have now perished. The works, which are available to us, are heretical and are just a small proportion of his entire works. Later this city became his Episcopal ... ...t recurring argument against his Christology. It was mans rational soul, with its power of choice, which was the seat of sin if the forge is un-united with a human rational soul then the salvation of mankind is not achieved. Works Cited Dnzl Franz, A Brief History of the Doctrine of the trine in the Early Church, 2007, London.Grillmeier Aloys, Christ in Christian Tradition, Volume 2, Part one, 1987, Oxford.Grillmeier Aloys, Christ in Christian Tradition, Volume 2, Part two, 1987, Oxford.Kelly J. N. D., Early Christian Doctrines, 2008, London. devour Charles E., Apollinarianism, 1923, Cambridge.Sellers R. V., Two Ancient Christologies, 1940, LondonStevenson J., Creeds, Councils and Controversies, 1989, London.Norris R. A. Jr., The Christological Controversy, 1980, Oxford.Addis & Arnold, Catholic Dictionary, 1951, London.

Apollinarius and His Teachings Essay -- Religion History

Apollinarianism is the heresy, which denied the completeness of deliverers humanity named after Apollinarius of Laodicea innate(p) circa 312 315 who became a bishop of Laodicea in 360. Originally, a supporter of orthodoxy against the Arians, his Christological teaching becomes a heresy among scholars, at a synod in Rome in 374-80 and by the Council of Constantinople in 381. The Christology of Apollinarius is summarised as, iodine hypostasis, one physis, one prosopon and one energia (activity). The intention of this essay is to examine the background of Apollinarius and his teachings. It will also look at his main opponents Gregory of Nazianzus and Gregory of Nyssa.BackgroundApollinarius of Laodicea is the last of the great exceptional thinkers of his time influenced by Hellenic position. Apollinarius was a man of great learning influenced by his father a grammarian also called Apollinarius. His father left his hometown and colonized at Berytus as a schoolmaster, and later had mo ved to Laodicea. Apollinarius formed friendships with influential figures in early church society such as Epiphanius. If Apollinarius was not born in the faith then he had been a Christian for many years. He was then ordained priest at Laodicea. He was familiar with virtuous literature and wanted his son Apollinarius born between 312 and 315 to have a good education. Not much is k at one timen about the life of his son Apollinarius of Laodicea he was enthusiastic to the formulation of the Nicene faith and was left to develop his theological theories, during his life time he made many works which have now perished. The works, which are available to us, are heretical and are just a small proportion of his entire works. Later this city became his Episcopal ... ...t recurring object against his Christology. It was mans rational soul, with its power of choice, which was the seat of sin if the word is un-united with a human rational soul then the salvation of mankind is not achieved. Works CitedDnzl Franz, A Brief History of the Doctrine of the Trinity in the Early Church, 2007, London.Grillmeier Aloys, Christ in Christian Tradition, Volume 2, Part one, 1987, Oxford.Grillmeier Aloys, Christ in Christian Tradition, Volume 2, Part two, 1987, Oxford.Kelly J. N. D., Early Christian Doctrines, 2008, London.Raven Charles E., Apollinarianism, 1923, Cambridge.Sellers R. V., Two Ancient Christologies, 1940, LondonStevenson J., Creeds, Councils and Controversies, 1989, London.Norris R. A. Jr., The Christological Controversy, 1980, Oxford.Addis & Arnold, Catholic Dictionary, 1951, London.

Role-Reversal in Macbeth

When Macbeth first receives the prophecy predicting he will be king and Banquos heirs will be kings, he is satisfied with the idea of being king. Banquos heirs do not care him at this point. Once he assassinates Duncan and is crowned king, however, this isnt enough. Now he wants his heirs to be king. He asks himself, wherefore should he have taken all this risk just to put Banquos heirs on the throne? Unsatisfied with just ruling himself, he plots to kill not only Banquo, but Fleance. His opposition has grown and become even more menacing.Banquos reach without consulting his wife because he wants to protect her from the corruption that he has involved himself with. His employment is now on the whole changed and there is no turning back for him. Macbeths evil deed causes him to suffer from fear and guilt, which leads to even more evil crimes. Then Macbeth becomes paranoid, anguish from hallucinations and sleeplessness. He becomes less human as he tries over and over to establ ish his manhood. His ruthlessness in killing Banquo and Macduffs family shows how perverted his idea of manliness really is.As Macbeth goes off on his own course during this clipping, doll Macbeths guilt is overwhelming and, cut off from him, she descends into madness. Her guilt emerges in consummation III, perspective ii when she says she would quite a be dead, and it grows from then on until her death. Lady Macbeths character change is also evident in Act III, Scene ii when she backs out of Macbeths mysterious strike plan and tells him, You must leave this. The relationship between the couple is being torn apart by this time. And Macbeth allows the witches to take the place of his wife by allowing them to elevate his ego, thinking he cannot be harmed by any man.Macbeth is, of course, mistaken about the witches prophecies, but this just that he now allows his evil nature to control his actions. By the end, Macbeth has degenerated into evil personified, totally inhumane When Macbeth first receives the prophecy predicting he will be king and Banquos heirs will be kings, he is satisfied with the idea of being king. Banquos heirs do not concern him at this point. Once he assassinates Duncan and is crowned king, however, this isnt enough. Now he wants his heirs to be king. He asks himself, why should he have taken all this risk just to put Banquos heirs on the throne?Unsatisfied with just ruling himself, he plots to kill not only Banquo, but Fleance. His ambition has grown and become even more menacing. in his actions. They are headed in separate directions Macbeth towards a breeding of evil and Lady Macbeth towards insanity and grief. As Shakespeare create the characters of Macbeth and his wife, their changing roles ironically ended up resembling the some other ones role. At the beginning of the tragedy, Macbeth was the hesitant character with a strong conscience, respected general, a devoted husband, and a loyal subject of the king part Lady Macbeth was powerful and firm.However, by the time these two characters were completely changed, Macbeth ended up being decisive and greedy, as Lady Macbeth turned out to be weak since her guilty conscience drove her insane. Shakespeares exchange of roles in Macbeth is clever tho unusual, but after all, things arent always what they seem. In Shakespeares tragedy, Macbeth, the characters and the roles they play are critical to its plot and theme, and therefore many of Shakespeares characters are well developed and complex. Two of these characters are the protagonist, Macbeth, and his wife, Lady Macbeth.They play fire roles in the tragedy, and over the course of the play, their relationship changes and their roles are essentially switched. At the beginning of the play, they treat each other as equals. They have great concern for each other, as illustrated when Macbeth races to tell Lady Macbeth the news about the witches and she immediately begins plotting how to gain for her husband his d esire to be king. At this point, Lady Macbeth is the resolute, strong woman, while Macbeth is portrayed as her indecisive, cowardly husband.He does have ambition, but at this point, his conscience is stronger than that ambition. Lady Macbeth explains this characteristic of her husband in Act I, Scene v, when she says, Yet do I fear thy nature it is too full o th milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way. The next stage of change developing in the characters of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth is in Act II. This is the act in which Macbeth kills King Duncan. Macbeths character change is apparent because it is obvious that he has given in to his ambition and has slay the king.He is not entirely changed, though, because he is almost delirious after he has committed the crime. He exclaims, Will all great Neptunes ocean wash this inventory clean from my hand? No this my hand will rather the multitudinous seas incarnadine, making the green one red. He believes that instead of the ocean cl eaning his give, his hands would turn the ocean red. Macbeths role has changed somewhat but not entirely, since he has committed the crime but his conscience is still apparent after the murder. Lady Macbeths role similarly changes somewhat in Act II.The reader sees a crack in her strong character when she tells Macbeth in Scene ii of Act II that she would have murdered Duncan herself if he had not resembled her father as he slept. Her boldness is still evident, though, when she calms Macbeth after the murder and believes a little body of water clears us of this deed. Unlike the roles of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, their relationship remains unchanged from Act I to II. Their relationship is still very close as seen through Duncans murder a product of teamwork.At the end of Act III, both the roles and the relationship of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have reached the final stage of their change. Now that Duncan is dead and Macbeth is hopelessly headed toward a life of immorality, Lady Mac beth fades into the background. Macbeth takes it upon himself in Act III to plot Banquos murder without consulting his wife because he wants to protect her from the corruption that he has involved himself with. His role is now completely changed and there is no turning back for him.As Macbeth goes off on his own course during this time, Lady Macbeths guilt is overwhelming and, cut off from him, she descends into madness. Her guilt emerges in Act III, Scene ii when she says she would rather be dead, and it grows from then on until her death. Lady Macbeths character change is also evident in Act III, Scene ii when she backs out of Macbeths mysterious murder plan and tells him, You must leave this. The relationship between the couple is being torn apart by this time in Macbeth. They are headed in separate directions Macbeth towards a life of evil and Lady Macbeth towards insanity and grief.As Shakespeare developed the characters of Macbeth and his wife, their changing roles ironically ended up resembling the other ones role. At the beginning of the tragedy, Macbeth was the hesitant character with a strong conscience, while Lady Macbeth was powerful and firm. However, by the time these two characters were completely changed, Macbeth ended up being decisive and greedy, as Lady Macbeth turned out to be weak since her guilty conscience drove her insane. Shakespeares exchange of roles in Macbeth is clever yet unusual, but after all, things arent always what they seem.

Commercial company Essay

Select a major industrial or commercial companionship based in the United States and listed on one of the major pipeline exchanges in the United States. Each student should select a different comp any(prenominal). Avoid selecting an insurance play along or a bank, because the financial ratios for these financial businesses are different. Write a seven-to-eight-page double-spaced report card answering and demonstrating with calculations and financial data the following questions.1. What is the name of the company? What is the industry sector?Starbucks Corporation is in the Food and Beverage industry2. What are the operating take a chances of the company?Economic conditions in the US and certain multinational markets could unfortunately affect Starbucks business and financial results. as a retailer Starbucks is dependent upon the customers discretionary spending. Customers may have less gold for discretionary purchases as a result of job losses, foreclosures, bankruptcies, in creased fuel and energy costs, higher interest rates and tax revenuees. Decreases in customer traffic pass on negatively impact financial performance. Starbucks may not be successful in implementing important strategic initiatives or effectively managing return, which may have an adverse impact on our business and financial results. there is no assurance that Starbucks will be able to implement strategic initiatives and achieve the results that are indoors managements expectations.These initiatives are designed to create growth, improve operations and drive long-term shareholder value. Starbucks face intense competition in from each one of our channels and markets, which could lead to reduced profit competency. Starbucks is highly dependent on the financial performance of the Americas operating segment the Americas operating segment contributes 74% of the total net revenues in fiscal 2013. Starbucks is relying on the success in the European/ Middle East, China/Asia Pacific op erating segments to achieve overall growth targets. Other international operations are also subject to additional inherent risk when conducting business abroad. Of which, includeForex rate fluctuations.Changes or uncertainties in economic, legal, regulatory, brotherly and political conditions in international markets. Restrictive actions of foreign or US governments affecting trade.Enforceability of intellectual and contract rights.Local lawsDisruption in energy supplies.Delays in store opening beyond the control of management.Increases in the cost of high-quality Arabica coffee beans or other commodities. Disruption in the supply chain, which will impact the ability to deliver Starbucks products. The loss if key personnel or difficulties in recruiting and retaining qualified personnel Adverse public or medical opinions about the health do of consuming Starbuckss products, as well as reports of incidents involving food-borne illnesses, food tampering or food contamination. Starbuc ks relies heavily on information technology in operations, and any material failure, inadequacy, interruption or security failure of that technology could harm Starbucks ability to effectively operate the business. Failure to comply with local laws and regulations.3. What is the financial risk of the company (the debt to total capitalization ratio)?Market Cap 56.69 BNDebt 2.05BNDebt/total cap ratio = 0.036(yahoo.com, 2014)4. Does the company have any preferred stock? The company does not have preferred stock. 5. What is the capital structure of the company short-term portion of long-term debt, long-term debt, preferred stock (if any), and market value of common stock issued and outstanding? short-term portion of long-term debt357.7 MillionLong-term debt1,299 MillionPreferred Stock0Market value of common stock56.69 cardinal6. What is the companys current actual beta? 0.957. What would the beta of this company be if it had no long-term debt in its capital structure? Unlevered Beta e xploitation Hamada equation = Beta /1+(1-T) x (D/E) Beta 0.95Marginal Tax Rate, T 32.8%D/E 0.036Unlevered Beta = 0.96 / 1+(1 -0.328)*0.036 =0.9378. What is the companys current marginal tax rate?Income taxes for the fiscal year ended 2012 resulted in an effective tax rate of 32.8% compared to 31.1% for fiscal year 2011. (Starbucks coffee tree Company, 2013)9. What is the price earnings multiple of the company?Price to earnings ration. This ratio is used in conjunction with other metrics to give analyst and investors are quick initial impression of whether a company would make a good investment. (investopedia, 2014) Starbucks P/E ratio is 385.0510. How has the companys stock been performing in the last 5 age? Starbucks share price 282.32% in the last 5 yrs.11. Would you invest in this company? Why or why not?I would invest in Starbucks. SBUX has the highest P/E ratio among its competitors. Their cost of debt is low compared to their cost of equity. That is why they are relying on debt for their expansion. Their dividends per share have been increasing yearly. 18. The last page of your paper should be a Bibliography of the sources you used to prepare this paper.Bibliographyinvestopedia. (2011, feb). Cost of Equity. (investopedia) Retrieved septmeber 2014, from Investopedia www.investopedia.com/terms/c/costofeqquity.asp investopedia. (2014). Definition of Prince Multiple. Retrieved from www.investopedia.com www.investopedia.com/terms/p/princemultiles.asp Starbucks Coffee Company. (2013). Fiscal 2013 Annual Report. Investor Relations. Seattle Starbucks Coffee Company. yahoo.com. (2014, september). Yahoo Finance. (Yahoo.com, Producer) Retrieved september 2014, from Yahoo finance finance.yahoo.com/q/ks?s=SBUX+Key+Statistics

Regent Park

Chapter 7 Essay Qs 1. first principle Corporation, a Canadian crocked, wants to float a bond issue in the United Kingdom. Which choices does the company have? Discuss the main characteristics of sepa vagabondly option. What do you recommend? dissolver ABC Corporation ignore issue contrary bonds (Bulldogs) or Eurobonds. Foreign bonds be bonds issued by a foreign borrower in a national marketplace, in the national currency, and subject to the national securities regulations. Eurobonds be bonds sold in countries other the country that issued the denominating currency.Foreign bonds tend to be registered bonds and subject to the local regulations while Eurobonds tend to be be arr bonds. Generally, foreign bonds are more costly than Eurobonds. Therefore, Eurobonds are likely the better option. page 157-158 2. A- Canada Inc. has issued a dual-currency bond that remune aims $555. 10 at maturity per SF1,000 of par value. The companys cash flows are exclusively in Canadian long hor ses. a) What is the implicit $/SF rallying tell at maturity? b) Will the company be better or worse off if the actual throw order at maturity is $0. 6123/SF? reply a) $555. 10/SF 1,000 = $ 0. 5551 b) The company entrust be better off.Page 175, problem 3 3. ZZZ Corp. wants to issue zero-coupon bonds with a 10-year maturity. The implied yield to maturity on these bonds is 5% and ZZZ Corp. wants to raise $10,000,000. (Assume no performance be). How much money will ZZZ Corp. have to pay at maturity of the bond? Answer 10,000,000 (1. 05)10 = $16,288,946. 27 4. Assume Bank of Montreal has two zero-coupon bonds taboostanding, each for a display case value $100,000,000. stick to A matures in 10 years and sells at a bank discount of 35% off face value and bond B matures in 20 years and sells at a discount of 60% off face value. Calculate the implied yield to maturity of each bond.Answer stay A 650,000,000(1 + i)10 = 100,000,000 i = 4. 4% Bond B 400,000,000(1 + i)20 = 100,000,000 i = 4. 67% 5. What happens to the present value of the bonds in 4. , if the implied yield to maturity increases by 1%? Answer Bond A 100,000,000/(1. 054)10 = 59,100,872. 35 The present value of the bond decreases by 65,000,000 59,100,872. 35 = 5,899,127. 65 Bond B 100,000,000/(1. 0567)20 = 33,186,836. 18 The present value of the bond decreases by 40,000,000 33,186,836. 18 = 6,813,163. 82 Chapter 8 Question 1. Assume that Nestle shares are trading at SF trey hundred in Zurich and $ 51 in New York. Each share equals 4 ADRs.The electric current transfer localise is SF1. 5/$. In the absence of transaction costs, can you make an arbitrage meshing? Answer Yes. Buy one share in Zurich for SF 300 or $ cc (300/1. 5), transform to ADRs and sell the ADRs for 4*51 = $204 profit $4 Question 2. Assume that Nestle shares are trading at SF 300 in Zurich and $ 51 in New York. Each share equals 4 ADRs. The current exchange rate is SF1. 5/$. If transaction costs are $1 per ADR, can you make an arbitrage profit? Answer No, transaction costs = potential profit Potential profit in the absence of transaction costs Buy one share in Zurich for SF 300 or $ 200 (300/1. ), exchange to ADRs and sell the ADRs for 4*51 = $204 profit $4 Question 3. What factors go into the decision to cross-list on a foreign exchange? Answer When deciding whether to cross-list shares on a foreign exchange, the immobile has to consider the expected benefits and costs. The benefits may be to establish a broader investor base for its stock, to establish mark recognition in foreign capital markets, thus paving the way for the theater to source new equity and debt capital from investors in different markets, and to expose the firms name to a broader investor and consumer groups.The costs include listing fees, reconciliation of the accounting standards of two countries, compliance with the regulations of the foreign exchange, and investor relations. page 187. Question 4. Assume that Accor shares are trad ing at A$2. 5 in Sydney and $28 in New York. Each ADR equals 20 shares. The current exchange rate is A$1. 5/$. In the absence of transaction costs, can you make an arbitrage profit? Answer Yes. Buy one ADR in New York for $28 (or A$42), exchange to shares and sell the shares for A$50 profit A$8 Question 5. Assume that Accor shares are trading at A$2. 5 in Sydney and $28 in New York.Each ADR equals 20 shares. The current exchange rate is A$1. 5/$. At what transaction cost per share would there be no profit opportunity? Answer A$8/20 = A$0. 4 Buy one ADR in New York for $28 (or A$42), exchange to shares and sell the shares for A$50 profit A$8 less transaction cost of 20*. 4 = A$8 profit = 0 Chapter 9 I dont believe there will be anything from here tho Chapter 10 Question 1. The following information is given Both parties want to engage in an vex rate craft. Assume that S Bank will arrange for an absorb rate swap between X company and Y federation for 0. % . Also, model that X C ompany gets 2/3 of the interest savings avail equal to(p). a) Which company has a better credit rating? b) What is the quality spread differential? c) What is X Companys preferred token of debt? What rate of interest does it pay on this debt after the swap? d) What is Y Companys preferred type of debt? What rate of interest does it pay on this debt after the swap? e) Illustrate the cash flows from this swap. Assume that X Company pays LIBOR to S Bank. Answer a) X Company b) QSD = 2 1. 3 = 0. 7 c) Floating LIBOR . 4 d) Fixed 6. 8% e) Question 2.The following information is given. ABC Inc. and XYZ Inc. have agreed to swap their debt payments so that each firm gets its preferred debt terms. They can arrange an interest rate swap through Big Bank. Big bank charges 0. 15% for its services. The remaining savings from the interest rate swap are equally shared by A and B. QSD 1% . 25% = . 75% after bank fees . 75% . 15% = . 60% savings available a) Does ABC Inc. prefer glacial or floating rate debt? What rate does it pay on its preferred debt? b) Does XYZ Inc. prefer fixed or floating rate debt? What rate does it pay on its preferred debt? ) What are the wide-cut interest savings available in this interest rate swap? d) Which company has a better credit rating? Answer a) ABC Inc. prefers floating and pays LIBOR + . 2 b) Interest Savings 0. 6%. QSD bank fees = (6 5) (LIBOR + . 75 LIBOR + 0. 50) 0. 15 c) XYZ Inc. prefers fixed and pays 5. 7% d) Company ABC has a better credit rating Question 3. The following information is given. Boeing and Airbus have agreed to swap their debt payments so that each firm gets its preferred debt terms. Each firm will save the same amount in percentage terms. ) Does Boeing prefer fixed or floating rate debt? What rate does it pay on its preferred debt? b) Does Airbus prefer fixed or floating rate debt? What rate does it pay on its preferred debt? c) What are the total interest savings available in this interest rate swap? d) Which comp any has the advantage in fixed rate debt? Answer a) Boeing prefers floating and pays LIBOR + 0. 05%. b) Airbus prefers fixed and pays 5. 5%. c) Interest Savings 0. 4%. d) Boeing has the advantage in fixed dollar debt. Question 4. ABC Corporation has entered into a 10-year interest rate swap with a swap bank. ABC Corp. ays the swap bank a fixed-rate of 6 percent annually on a notional amount of EUR100,000,000 and receives LIBOR ? percent. What is the outlay of the swap on the seventh reset date, assuming that the fixed-rate at which ABC can borrow has decreased to 5%. Answer PV of a hypothetical bond issue of EUR100,000,000 with three remaining 6 percent coupon payments at the new fixed rate of 5 percent is EUR100,000,000/1. 1576 = EUR86,385,625. 54 PV of the three coupon payments is (6,000,000/1. 05) + (6,000,000/1. 1025) + (6,000,000/1. 1576) = EUR 16,339,488. 18 PV of the Bond and its coupon is = 102,725,113. 1 Therefore, the price of the swap = 100,000,000 102,725,113. 61 = 2, 725,113. 61 Question 5. Canada Corporation enters into a 2-year interest rate swap with Bank A in which it agrees to pay the swap bank a fixed-rate of 5 percent annually on a notional amount of US$1,000,000 and receive LIBOR 1 percent. Determine the price of the swap on the first reset date, assuming that the fixed-rate at which Canada Corporation can borrow has stayed unchanged. Answer PV of a hypothetical bond issue of US$ 1,000,000 with one remaining 5 percent coupon payments at the fixed rate of 5 percent is US$1,000,000Therefore, the price of the swap = 1,000,000 1,000,000 = 0 Chapter 11 Question 1. A US investor bought shares in ABC Inc. on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange 2 years ago for EUR 10,000. The exchange rate at that conviction was EUR 1. 20/USD. Currently, the shares are worth EUR 11,000 and the exchange rate is EUR 0. 80/$. Calculate the investors annual percentage rate of return in terms of the U. S. dollars. Answer The annual percentage rate of return is 28. 45%. 2- year rate of return = (11,000/0. 8 10,000/1. 2)/(10,000/1. 2) = 0. 65 (1 + r)2 = 1. 65 r = 0. 2845 Question 2. A US investor bought shares in ABC Inc. n the Frankfurt Stock Exchange 2 years ago for EUR 10,000. The exchange rate at that time was EUR 1. 20/USD. Currently, the shares are worth EUR 11,000 and the exchange rate is EUR 0. 80/$. The investor had sold EUR 10,000 (the principal investiture amount at the same time that the stock was purchased) forward at the forward exchange rate of EUR 1. 15/$. What is the dollar rate of return? Assume that the un deflectd portion of the investment is exchanged at the current exchange rate. Answer The annual dollar rate of return is 9. 25%. 2-year rate of return = (10,000/1. 15 + 1,000/0. 8 10,000/1. )/(10,000/1. 2) = 0. 1935 (1 + r)2 = 1. 1935 r = 0. 0925 Question 3. In May 2003 when the exchange rate was Yen 110/$, Nissan Motor Company invested ? 1,100,000,000 in pure-discount U. S. bonds and liquidated the investment one year later when the exchange rate was Yen 105/$. The Yen rate of return earned on this investment was 10%. a) Calculate the dollar amount that the bonds were sold at. b) Calculate the dollar rate of return of this investment. Answer a) The dollar amount that the bonds were sold at is $11,523,809. 0. 1 = (X*105 1,100,000,000)/1 ,100,000,000) b) The dollar rate of return is15. 4%. (11,523,809 10,000,000)/10,000,000 = . 1524 Question 4. A Canadian investor buys shares in DaimlerChrysler on the New York Stock Exchange when the stocks price and the exchange rate were US$ 40 and US$0. 70/C$ respectively. One year later the investor sells the shares for US$ 41 and the exchange rate is US$0. 80/$. a) Calculate the investors annual percentage rate of return in terms of the U. S. dollars. b) Calculate the investors annual percentage rate of return in Canadian dollars. Answer a) Rate of return (41 40)/40*100 = 2. 5% b) Purchase price in Canadian dollars = 40/. 70 = 57. 4 Selling price in Canadian dollars = 41 /. 80 = 51. 25 Therefore, the Canadian dollar rate of return is R(C$) = (51. 25 57. 14)/51. 25 100 = 10. 313% Chapter 12 1. How can operating exposure be managed? Answer The object of managing operating exposure is to stabilize cash flows when exchange rates are fluctuating. There are a number of ways in which operating exposure can be managed (1) selecting low cost production sites (2) apply a flexible sourcing insurance policy (3) diversification of the market (4) product differentiation and R&D efforts (5) financial hedging page 302-304 Question 2.Banff Inc. is headquartered in Calgary and produces high-end living room furniture. The firm has a footslogger in Germany. The wooden systems of the sofas are made in Calgary by an independent contractor and then shipped to Germany. The German subsidiary then upholsters the sofas using Belgium fabrics. Each lay costs the subsidiary C$1,500. The materials and labour for the upholstery amount to euro 2,000 per sofa. Fixed everywhere head costs are euro 1,500,000 for the subsidiary. Banff Inc. expects to be able to sell 3,000 Sofas for 5,000 euros each. The firm can devalue 1,000,000 euros per year.The German income tax rate is 40%. The current exchange rate is C$1. 5/euro. How would the operating cash flows (expressed in Canadian dollars) change if the exchange rate is C$1. 6/euro, all else equal? Answer The operating income would increase by C$340,000. Question 3. Banff Inc. is headquartered in Calgary and produces high-end living room furniture. The firm has a subsidiary in Germany. The wooden frames of the sofas are made in Calgary by an independent contractor and then shipped to Germany. The German subsidiary then upholsters the sofas using Belgium fabrics.Each frame costs the subsidiary C$1,500. The materials and labour for the upholstery amount to euro 2,000 per sofa. Fixed overhead costs are euro 1,500,000 for the subsidiary. Banff Inc. expects to be able to sell 3,000 Sofas for 5,000 euros each. The fir m can disparage 1,000,000 euros per year. The German income tax rate is 40%. The current exchange rate is C$1. 5/euro. How would the operating cash flows (expressed in Canadian dollars) change if the exchange rate is C$1. 4/euro, all else equal? Answer The operating income would decrease by C$ 340,000. Question 4. Banff Inc. s headquartered in Calgary and produces high-end living room furniture. The firm has a subsidiary in Germany. The wooden frames of the sofas are made in Calgary by an independent contractor and then shipped to Germany. The German subsidiary then upholsters the sofas using Belgium fabrics. Each frame costs the subsidiary C$1,500. The materials and labour for the upholstery amount to euro 2,000 per sofa. Fixed overhead costs are euro 1,500,000 for the subsidiary. Banff Inc. expects to be able to sell 3,000 Sofas for 5,000 euros each. The firm can depreciate 1,000,000 euros per year.The German income tax rate is 40%. The current exchange rate is C$1. 5/euro. How w ould the operating cash flows (expressed in Canadian dollars) change if the exchange rate is C$1. 4/euro, the German inflation rate is 3% but the firm will not be able to raise the price for its products and due to new competition from the Russian market (with a more favorable exchange rate) unit sales drop to 2,500? Answer The operating income would decrease by C$ 1,276,000. Question 5. ABC Inc. , a Canadian paper manufacturer, has a subsidiary in the United States which sources its wood from Canada.The US dollar depreciates rapidly. Discuss the likely competitive and conversion effects of the depreciation of the US dollar. Answer The depreciation of the US dollar may alter the firms competitive position in the US market place. beginning of all, the input costs of the subsidiary in terms of US dollars are increasing. If the competitors source their painful materials in the United States, the competitive position of ABC Inc. s subsidiary will be eroded. The conversion effect implie s in this case that the US dollar operating cash flows will be translated into a lower Canadian dollar value. page 297-298Chapter 13 1. Sonnenschein A. G. , a German retailer of solar panels but bought panels for US $ 100,000 to be paid in 120 days. As the financial manager, you are responsible for making a recommendation on the best hedging choice available to Sonnenschein A. G. You check with your banker and find out the following The spot bid and ask rates are USD 1. 1001/EUR and USD 1. 0953/EUR respectively and the 120-day forward rates are EUR 0. 8850/USD and EUR 0. 8950/USD. Determine the simoleons payables if Sonnenschein maps a forward hedge to manage its payables. Answer US$ 100,000*0. 8950 = EUR 89,500 Question 2. Pile-of-Bones Inc. , headquartered in Regina, just bought snowblowers for US $ 100,000 to be paid in 90 days. As the financial manager, you are responsible for making a recommendation on the best hedging choice available to Pile-of-Bones Inc. You check with yo ur banker and find out the following The current spot rate is C$ 1. 35/US$ and the 90-day forward rate is C$1. 36/US$. The interest rates are 5% in the United States and 6% in Canada. a) What are the net payables if Pile-of-Bones uses a forward hedge? b) What are the net payables if Pile-of-Bones uses a money market hedge? ) Which type of hedge should Pile-of-Bones use? Answer a) 100,000*1. 36 = 136,000 b) 100,000/(1 + . 05/4) = 98,765. 43 98,765. 43*1. 35 = 133,333. 33 133,333. 33*(1 + . 025) = 136,666. 67 c) Pile-of-Bones should use forward hedge. Question 3. Soleil Inc. , a French manufacturer of sunscreen, has agreed to sell sunscreen to a Danish retailer for 2 million Danish kroner to be received in one hundred eighty days. The current spot rate is DKR5. 02/EUR and the 180-day forward rate is DKR5. 23/EUR. The current interest rates are 5% in Denmark and 4% in France. Should the firm use a forward hedge or a money market hedge?Explain. Answer The net proceeds from a forward hed ge are 2,000,000/5. 23 = 382,409. 17 The net proceeds from a money market hedge are 2,000,000/(1. 05) = 1,903,761. 90 1,903,761. 90/5. 02 = 379,434. 64 379,434. 64*1. 04 = EUR394,612. 02 Since the net proceeds from the money market hedge are higher(prenominal) than from a forward market hedge, Soleil should use the money market hedge. Question 4. Quebec Inc. , manufactures prefabricated houses in Quebec and sells them all over the world in local currencies. The firm has just received an order from China for renminbi 8,280,000 to be paid at delivery in 1 year.The Chinese renminbi is pegged to the US dollar at an exchange rate of 8. 28 per dollar. Does Quebec Inc have a transaction exposure? Explain. Answer Quebec Inc is exposed to exchange rate risk. First of all, the Chinese government may choose to change the exchange rate at which the renminbi is pegged or drop the peg altogether within the next year. rase if the government does not intervene, Quebec Inc. is exposed to the US dol lar-Canadian dollar exchange rate since the renminbi is pegged to the US Dollar and not the Canadian dollar. Question 5. Fashion Shoes Inc. anufactures its shoes in Milano, Italy. The company just received an order from the United States for USD 1 million to be received in one year. The current spot rate is EUR 1 /USD and the 1 year forward rate is EUR 1. 01/USD. The current interest rates are 4% in the United States and 5% in Italy. A squall option on the US dollar is available with a strike price of EUR 1. 01/USD and a premium of EUR 0. 03 and a put option is available with a strike price of EUR 1/USD and a premium of EUR 0. 025/USD. Determine the net proceeds from a forward hedge and an options hedge. Which option should Fashion Shoes use?Answer Forward hedge USD 1,000,000*1. 01 = EUR 1,010,000 Option hedge Use the put option on the USD. Net proceeds from the options hedge Strike price USD 1,000,000*1 = EUR 1,000,000 Less premium in year 1 euros 1,000,000*0. 025(1 + . 05) = 26,2 50 net proceeds 1,000,000 26,250 = 973,750. The choice of the hedging strategy depends on exchange rate expectations. The option will provide a minimum of EUR 973,750 but if the dollar strengthens (i. e. the spot rate in one year is greater than EUR1. 03625/USD) the option will provide higher cash flows than the forward hedge.

Library Assignment

ENGL 111 English Composition Statewide Online subscriber line program program library Assignment IvyTilt dead body process 1 Getting Started HINT Instead of printing out this document, view it online. That way you can click on the imbed physical contacts to go to the mixed links and tutorials. Before starting these activities, be sure your data processor has Macromedia Flash Player and Adobe Shockwave installed. Most Ivy tech regions have access to the master(prenominal) virtual(prenominal) Library screens, but if there is a problem accessing your local library, you may be able to access veridical discussed and assigned below through the Central Indiana Library page more reliably.Also readModules 9 & 10That address is http//wwwcc. ivytech. edu/library/central-indiana/ force. hypertext mark-up language IvyTilt activeness 1Tutorials 1, 2, and 6 For this freshman library assignment, you will complete three IvyTilt modules. Go to the IvyTilt website at http//faculty. ivyte ch. edu/smclaugh/ivytilt/choice. html and select the three modules you argon going to do for Activity 1.1. Starting shining (Module 1)This tutorial is an introduction to exploitation the Virtual Library. Review it carefully so you understand the terms that will be utilize in later modules.2.Choosing a Topic (Module 2)This tutorial will help you create motionable topics for searches and later writing. Remembera good topic is not found it is developed.3. Citing Sources (Module 6)Never estimation modules 3, 4, and 5 for now. Jump to Module 6 and get some insight into how to cite a borrowed idea in the body of your paper and how to list the bloodline of that idea at the end of your paper. At the end of each module is a brief quiz. The quizzes are self-assessments to insure how advantageously you have mastered the tuition in the tutorial.You should take the quizzes for Modules 1, 2, and 6 and copy and paste the results page for each quiz into a cross- single file on your comput er once you have impinge ond at least 90% on each quiz. Please note that the library server does NOT keep copies of your quiz results and the library quiz does NOT link directly to Blackboard. You must COPY & PASTE each results page into a file on your computer in consecrate to submit the completed quizzes to your instructor. If you score less than 90% on any of the three quizzes, review the tutorial and retake the quiz for that module.Do not submit a quiz if your score is below 90%, but review the material until you better understand the material and can score at least 90%. Quizzes with scores of less than 90% will not receive credit. How to submit the quizzes to your instructor Collect the results of the three quizzes using COPY & PASTE. Collect your results in iodine file and name your file something like IvyTilt_1_Mynamehere. Be sure your name is in the file name. Do not use symbols like in the file name. Submit the file via the Library AssignmentIvy Tilt Activity 1 link fo r this assignment in Session 3.For detailed instructions on how to submit your file using this link see the Student Guide to Blackboard by clicking on the Start Here tab on the left, and thusly clicking on Step 3 Help with Blackboard & Technology link, and then clicking on the Blackboard Student Guide attachment. Once your file is submitted, you will see a green exclamation mark for Library Activity 1 under My Grades. This exclamation mark will change to a score afterwards your instructor grades your assignment. All quizzes are due no later than the end of Session 3. Scoring 3 quizzes with scores 90% or higher10 points quizzes with scores 90% or higher7 points 1 quiz with score 90% or higher4 points 0 quizzes with score 90% or higher0 points Additional Library Information and Practice Review the following websites for further information about citation in MLA and/or APA style. Bookmark pages that are multipurpose to you http//library. albany. edu/usered/cite/index. html This si te provides general information on APA and MLA style and instructions on how to use Citation Generators effectively. http//owl. english. purdue. edu/ The Purdue University Online report Lab (OWL) offers a searchable index that can help with MLA and APA manuscript styles.The links for manuscript styles are in the upper right zone of that page. http//wwwcc. ivytech. edu/shared/shared_hlibrarycc/Images/VL_Live/clip1_fin. html View the captured-screen video that introduces the Virtual Library sign-in and opening page. You should plan to sign into and use the Virtual Library as a regular part of your work for this class. http//library. acadiau. ca/tutorials/plagiarism/ This interactive and fun tutorial from the Vaughan Memorial Library at Acadia University walks you through specific examples of documenting sources and avoiding plagiarism with your student companions Dylan, Emma, Tyler, and Maiko.Library AssignmentENGL 111 English Composition Statewide Online Course Library Assignment Iv yTilt Activity 1 Getting Started HINT Instead of printing out this document, view it online. That way you can click on the embedded links to go to the various links and tutorials. Before starting these activities, be sure your computer has Macromedia Flash Player and Adobe Shockwave installed. Most Ivy Tech regions have access to the main Virtual Library screens, but if there is a problem accessing your local library, you may be able to access material discussed and assigned below through the Central Indiana Library page more reliably.Also readModules 9 & 10That address is http//wwwcc. ivytech. edu/library/central-indiana/index. html IvyTilt Activity 1Tutorials 1, 2, and 6 For this first library assignment, you will complete three IvyTilt modules. Go to the IvyTilt website at http//faculty. ivytech. edu/smclaugh/ivytilt/choice. html and select the three modules you are going to do for Activity 1.1. Starting Smart (Module 1)This tutorial is an introduction to using the Virtual Librar y. Review it carefully so you understand the terms that will be used in later modules.2.Choosing a Topic (Module 2)This tutorial will help you create workable topics for searches and later writing. Remembera good topic is not found it is developed.3. Citing Sources (Module 6)Never mind modules 3, 4, and 5 for now. Jump to Module 6 and get some insight into how to cite a borrowed idea in the body of your paper and how to list the source of that idea at the end of your paper. At the end of each module is a brief quiz. The quizzes are self-assessments to see how well you have mastered the information in the tutorial.You should take the quizzes for Modules 1, 2, and 6 and copy and paste the results page for each quiz into a file on your computer once you have scored at least 90% on each quiz. Please note that the library server does NOT keep copies of your quiz results and the library quiz does NOT link directly to Blackboard. You must COPY & PASTE each results page into a file on your computer in order to submit the completed quizzes to your instructor. If you score less than 90% on any of the three quizzes, review the tutorial and retake the quiz for that module.Do not submit a quiz if your score is below 90%, but review the material until you better understand the material and can score at least 90%. Quizzes with scores of less than 90% will not receive credit. How to submit the quizzes to your instructor Collect the results of the three quizzes using COPY & PASTE. Collect your results in one file and name your file something like IvyTilt_1_Mynamehere. Be sure your name is in the file name. Do not use symbols like in the file name. Submit the file via the Library AssignmentIvy Tilt Activity 1 link for this assignment in Session 3.For detailed instructions on how to submit your file using this link see the Student Guide to Blackboard by clicking on the Start Here tab on the left, and then clicking on Step 3 Help with Blackboard & Technology link, and then clic king on the Blackboard Student Guide attachment. Once your file is submitted, you will see a green exclamation mark for Library Activity 1 under My Grades. This exclamation mark will change to a score after your instructor grades your assignment. All quizzes are due no later than the end of Session 3. Scoring 3 quizzes with scores 90% or higher10 points quizzes with scores 90% or higher7 points 1 quiz with score 90% or higher4 points 0 quizzes with score 90% or higher0 points Additional Library Information and Practice Review the following websites for further information about citation in MLA and/or APA style. Bookmark pages that are useful to you http//library. albany. edu/usered/cite/index. html This site provides general information on APA and MLA style and instructions on how to use Citation Generators effectively. http//owl. english. purdue. edu/ The Purdue University Online Writing Lab (OWL) offers a searchable index that can help with MLA and APA manuscript styles.The links for manuscript styles are in the upper right zone of that page. http//wwwcc. ivytech. edu/shared/shared_hlibrarycc/Images/VL_Live/clip1_fin. html View the captured-screen video that introduces the Virtual Library sign-in and opening page. You should plan to sign into and use the Virtual Library as a regular part of your work for this class. http//library. acadiau. ca/tutorials/plagiarism/ This interactive and fun tutorial from the Vaughan Memorial Library at Acadia University walks you through specific examples of documenting sources and avoiding plagiarism with your student companions Dylan, Emma, Tyler, and Maiko.

Literacy Education Essay

Education is provided for all, it is our federal governments promise that education be accessible to everyone. except what if a savant is not open to go out or has difficulty acquiring knowledge? They are then given the luck to attend a curative class so that they substructure cope up with the lessons. But what if the schoolchild is not actually illiterate or in need of remedial classes but only needs a little help in adjusting to the current lesson plan? This is what Mike blush wine realized as he worked his way by means of his own schooling and ulterior on as an educator.During his early education, Mike Rose was not a straight A student nor did he stand out among his peers, his early school life was quite ordinary. In Lives on the Boundary, he recounted the difficulties he encountered as a meat class immigrant family but how education and his encounters with some of his instructors had freed him and enabled him to venture out into the world (Graff, 1994). He eventually graduated with a bachelors degree from doglike University and earned a graduate fellowship with UCLA.Rose argues that students stuck in remedial classes are not necessarily there secondary to wish in scholarship but because of privation of support from a social and economic standpoint. He goes on to question standards apply in evaluating intelligence and calls for a change in the standards for a more equalized opportunities in education. He excessively talks of changes in the way literacy is taught to students who are underprepared. He seeks to develop a new curriculum that can adapt to the needs of the students in remedial classes and that is focus on meaningful composition and critical thinking rather than on grammar and usage.He excessively seeks changes in the philosophy of education that goes beyond the financial benefit and education gained as measured by the usual tests. Failed Education There are times when a student is not able to learn or fails in class and the usu al notion is that the child is lacking in intelligence and is placed in a remedial class in ramble for them to grasp knowledge. But Rose (1989) argues that more often than we admit, a failed education is social more than ingenious in origin (p. 225). What can Rose mean by this?Essentially Rose talks of the educationally underprepared students, those who are often placed in remedial classes, which was labeled as the sick section or hospital section (p. 210) which is can already be termed a stigma to those who attend these types of classes. But in his book, Rose (1989) makes one realize that many of these students fail and fall into remedial classes not because of lack of intelligence or lack of skills but mainly because of the lack of understanding of their teachers and the lack of opportunity provided for them due to a variety of reasons not limited to the academic.He explores how these factors including their economic situation and social standings affect the performance and per ceptual experience of these remedial students. He notes that the problem of dwindling academic performance and the statistics that show such problems are misguided and should be reassessed to include a broader perspective. He also notes that the current technique used in measuring intelligence and learning from a student is restricted and misrepresented and should be reevaluated.He argues that the usual approaches used in teaching literacy to students who are underprepared is essentially useless, in terms that the student learns essentially nothing if focus is given to grammar and usage and that this way only ends up in fueling the thought that the student lacks intelligence. He seeks a change in the current curriculum to a more accurate and pervasive one. learning to Read and WriteLearning how to read and write correctly is critical to a students success in school and in later life. One of the most excellent forecaster of a childs success in school is the level where a student pr ogresses in cultivation and writing, but what if the learning butt on is inhibited by a variety of factors that includes economic and social ones that prevents a student from learning normally as other(a) students who dont face the same circumstances as them. How can learning then be attained?In Crossing Boundaries, Mike Rose recounts his experiences with a number of remedial students who exhibited low test score results at the beginning but through his help was able to understand what was needed from them to be able pass the test (Rose 1989, p. 219). Looking at the various characters depicted in the book, one quickly realizes that a number of the characters embody the typical try of youth in the US. These students, coming from a vast and multi-cultural society enveloping a variety of shapes, colors, sizes, ethnicity and culture also typifies the Great American Middle Class. galore(postnominal) of the remedial students share a common trait, which is the problem of not being able to communicate well and usually through no fault of their own. some(prenominal) of our schools youth are thrown into the lowest rung of the socio-economic ladder even though they do not belong in such places or the very least be able to crawl out of this rung. Much of their talents and gifts wasted away simply because they werent able to commune through reading and writing or was not able to grasp the basics and thereby they are left to fend for themselves.Learning is a social process as Rose points out that there is a need for the teacher to connect with the student in order for learning to be achieved, which he has accounted for in many of his experiences in his own schooling and later on in his teaching of remedial students in inner city LA. Rose suggests that once a teacher learns more about his student, it paves the way for the teacher to fully comprehend writing preferences thereby allowing for a more meaningful exchange between the teacher and the student. As an educatorRos e argued that test scores and the usual competencies used to gauge a students intelligence are obsolete in this day and age. He notes that problems of the dwindling scholastic performance of todays youth may not be as bad as it is if reforms in teaching and education are put in place in order to adapt to the needs of the remedial class that dictates an eclectic approach that cultivates the inborn intelligence of this youth that focus on creative thinking rather than focus on the traditional approach that is set on the formalities of language.As an educator and proponent of literacy this germ realizes that even as one seeks to impart knowledge and guide students towards being literate, one must also be tensile and adaptable to the environment and the student they promise to teach. One realizes that each individual is different in their own rights and the teacher as a proponent of literacy should learn to embrace that individuality adapting to the needs of the student so that learn ing can actually take place and that the student will be open to learning.The author through this reading also notes that a teacher as he seeks to impart knowledge to his students must also learn about his students in order to really teach them and enable his students to reach their fullest capacities and this might mean adapting a different set of techniques in teaching and learning to cope with the multifarious student body that encompasses todays school setting. ConclusionEducating a student is generally academic in nature, you need to be able to teach the student the basics of the language in order for the student to be termed literate. Reading and writing concur with literacy. In a sense that when a student understands the lesson and is able to connect the words together and form a coherent and understandable statement then one can derive that the student is indeed literate. But one has to understand that simply because the student cannot comprehend the connection of various wo rds means that they are illiterate.A variety of factors including poverty, responsibilities outside the school and lack of opportunity often leads a student to fail miserably at school. At the end of this reading the author comprehends the reality that there are a variety of students that encompass the school system and that in this sense the teacher is encouraged to develop creative ways of teaching and stimulate the significance of an educators vocation.And part of it is learning how to cope with the different situations of various students and even teachers that hinders learning (Preskill, 1998). This author realized the significance of education and what it means to be educated, also this author notes that as education must change in order to adapt to the gush of societal demands and strains. It can be concluded that there is a need for a guiding principle that encourages the system to embrace the rich mix of language, custom and legend that is America (Rose 1989, p. 238).The re ading has prompted this author to be a more sensitive educator, someone who is responsive to the consequence of labeling and a teacher who understands the bond between teacher and student.Works Cited Graff G (1994) Disliking books at an early age. In Falling into theory Conflicting views on Reading Literature, ed. David Richter. Boston Bedford Books Preskill, S (1998) Narratives of teaching and the quest for the second self. Journal of Teacher Education 49(5) pp. 344-357. Rose, M (1989) Chapter 8 Crossing Boundaries. In Lives on the Boundary pp. 205-238. New York Penguin Books.

Autocratic Leadership Style Essay

Can an authoritarian/ oppressive/directive attracters movement be appropriate in American companies currently? If yes/no, why?It is first important to clarify what the term attractorship means. According to Kinicki & Fugate (2012), leadership is defined as a affectionate influence process in which the leader seeks the voluntary participation of subordinates in an effort to reach organizational goals (p. 364). This means leadership involves exercising authority at individual, group, and organizational levels.Bass (2008) identifies positive leadership traits to include problem competence, interpersonal competence, intuition, traits of character, biophysical traits, and personal traits. With this basic understanding of leadership, it can be said that the appropriateness of an autocratic leadership elbow room depends on the pillow slip of company and situation at handthe idea of situational leadership (Kinicki & Fugate, 2012, p. 370). Even though the United States is a democratic country, an autocratic leadership style fits both(prenominal) but not all companies, depending on what the company wants to accomplish and what the companys circumstances are.A manager with an autocratic style of leadership typically does all the decision-making without getting input from his/her subordinates (Rao, 2010, para. 3). Therefore, the manager is the authoritarian while all the subordinates are to simply follow instructions without giving their own thoughts or concerns about the task given to them. A benefit of this style is it can help provide grammatical construction and discipline to an otherwise inexperienced team, and also help a team stay on top of strict deadlines. Since the manager makes all the decisions, there is no time wasted on decision-making if theres a time constraint. This type of leadership is also helpful when the manager has the highest amount of knowledge and could therefore specifically guide the subordinates on how to complete a task (Cherry), or when a type of industry simply does not require much communication or creativity relative to other industries.However, an autocratic style of leadership would be ill-fitting for many other types of companies, especially if the autocratic style is taken to extremes. As the textbook Organizational Behavior mentions, a bad leader would possess traits like being incompetent, rigid, or callous (Kinicki & Fugate, 2012, p. 366). Since a manager taking up an autocratic style of leadership is enforcing rigid rules, it could be potentially easy to become rigid as a person as well, which could lead to loss of respect from subordinates and ruin morale of the team. Cherry states that abuse of the style can make a person seem controlling, bossy, and dictatorial, and that this autocratic style of leadership prevents subordinates from producing creative solutions to problems.Giving employees such a lack of influence in the company could cause them to feel resentful since their opinions are never h eard (Leadership Styles, 2008, para. 3-4), which means valuable relationships cannot be developed, thus straining human and social capital. An example of where an autocratic style of leadership would not be appropriate is if all the subordinates are just as knowledgeable or skilled as the manager. It would make more sense to use a democratic style of leadership so that everyone can participate and have a sense of greatness in the decision-making, and because of their contribution, would feel more committed and enthusiastic about the companys goals.Situational leadership theories suggest that the effectiveness of a particular style of leader behavior depends on the situation. This applies to how the appropriateness of the autocratic style of leadership depends on the company at hand. It is important to fully analyze the employee characteristics (locus of control, experience, task ability, etc.) and environmental factors (task structure and work-group dynamics) to decide whether or n ot an autocratic style of leadership would produce the most desirable results for the company (Kinicki & Fugate, 2012, p. 370-372).ReferencesBass, B.M., & Bass, R. (2008). The Bass handbook of leadership. New York Free Press. Cherry, K. Lewins leadership styles. About.com Psychology. Retrieved from http//psychology.about.com/od/leadership Cherry, K. What is autocratic leadership?. About.com Psychology. Retrieved from http//psychology.about.com/od/leadership Kinicki, A., & Fugate M. (2012). Organizational behavior Key concepts, skills, and best practices.Boston, MA McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Leadership styles Autocratic leadership. (2008). Leadership-toolbox.com, pp. 3-4. Retrieved from http//www.leadership-toolbox.com/autocratic-leadership.html Rao, M.S. (2010). Is autocratic leadership relevant today?. Chief Learning Officer Solutions for Enterprise Activity. Retrieved from http//clomedia.com/articles

Ghost Story Essay

Ghost Stories be really popular, and always have been for a very long time. Several reasons why fantasm based novels and movies have been successful, is because galore(postnominal) people like the thrill. People will pick up a novel or enter a cinema without realizeing how you will poisonous after, kind of in a way similar to rollercoasters and why people go on them. People are just waiting for a break of normal day-to-day life and are craving some excitement. Nearly all ghost stories keep you suspended until the last moment, cant wait to turn that hand and read the next page.This keeps the endorser at t here nerves, but still urgencying to read the rest of the book, and finish it, thence buy another, then do the exact same. People who sat that they have seen a ghost, just puts other people in a fixed oral sex set thinking how you would feel during a encounter with a ghost, how you would feel afterwards, would you tell anyone. People often say you get Goosebumps and go cold, and every noise you hear you think someone is there, the fear factor is there.There is a number of factors to contribute to a good ghost story, a few of them are Vocabulary When the writer obtains a good detailed account of what people are wearing, how the setting is, how the run (is there pathetic fallacy? ). It will give the reader a better understanding of whats actually going on and so they can then picture it in your head. Unpredictability deflects in the story line, things to keep the reader asking questions after each page, and being answered at the end of the novel, twists that arent answered, figure of cliff hangers.Suspense and Development of Tension this is a key factor because its mainly suspense and tension that the reader finds intriguing and what makes them turn the page. Being, over again descriptive, going into every sentence as the reader was in the story not knowing anything. Build up of tension writer would necessity the reader to feel agitated in sp ecific parts, taking slow steps to describe things, keeping audience at the edge of there seat, and likewise the writer needs to develop the tension through his writing. There are Hundreds of Ghost Stories, old, modern, Traditional.The two Stories I am going to compare is The Call, and The obsolescent Nurses Story, there are a few similarities, some of them are The Ghosts In both stories, the ghosts are both lonely and seeking companionship, and they both got companionship in the end by taking over there victims. From The Call What the hell am I doing here? , Asked Meg, as if waking from a dream. Meg was mootn into a trance by the ghost, in this case by a telephone call. The ghost was pretending someone was down the River. The Shepherdsfound Miss Maude sitting, all crazy and smiling, nursing a dead child, The child of Miss Maude taunts her mother. They take over venerable people, this is a way they trance there victims, after taking over victims, they take them away from there loved ones and family and follow orders from the ghost. This is effective because it adds a twist to the story, taking control over a special or loved person usually in some ghost stories they tend to take over total strangers and work from there, putting them into a trance and giving specific orders, Out of the ordinary.In The Call, the ghost died by her husband throwing her into the river. He threw her into the river because she had a bad leg and was no use to him. He cherished to see other women. In The Old Nurses Story, Lord Furnival wanted his wanted his daughter to marry a person of importance and wealth and to bring happiness into the house. She and her sister had started to take music lessons from a non-profitable tuition from Italy. They both fancied the tutor, but Mrs Maude decides that she wants more than that she loved him and wanted to marry him.The only thing that was stopping her was her father, Lord Furnival. The tutor is exactly the person he doesnt want her daugh ter to marry. This is effective to the audience because the audience thinks there will be a standard ghostly plot, but this is different. This adds to the depth of the plot, it all based around the family and makes the reader want to know more, it is intriguing to the reader. Both of the victims are powerless against the ghosts. In The Call, the women with the dog, takes control of the married woman working in the Samaritans Office.The husband and wife dont do anything to stop the ghost Harry just died and fed up(p)e the ghost go away. When the victims were put into a trance, they dont want to fight it, rescue themselves in fact they want to be with the ghost more than their loved ones. This maybe the fact that the ghost just totally overwhelms them and takes blow% control over them. Meg went into a trance and didnt come to tell her husband, that she was going to the river late at night. The women in both stories fall under the spell of the ghost.It was late at night and the pho ne rang. Meg answered it and it was a bit spooky because of the time and nature of the call there was a mad woman on the phone and was saying that her husbands going to kill her. The next couple of phone calls were getting Meg weirder and weirder. She snapped. She didnt know what she was doing under the ghostly trance and she went to the river, towards the woman and dog. Both of the stories are set in very cold, bleak places, these give a kind of goolish, brutal and shed feeling.Most ghost stories are not set in cold, bleak places most likely an urban area. This is different. Both situated far from nothing with spacious houses and massive land, Wealthy people. The coldness gives a sense of evil and dangerous. Pathetic fallacy is used to reflect the power of the weather, like when they are tranced, and taken over, the weather changes, gets colder, darker and mood and atmosphere changes. Something that was mentioned in the Introduction, about making a good ghost story, was lecture. The language that both stories use a very descriptive language so the reader knows/can imagine everything in there mind, The bank is crumbling and the fence is rotting. , The water stacked up, black smooth slightly steaming , the calmness of the dead-cold weather. Both writers use similes, metaphors and personification. The Old Nurses Story uses old vocabulary, long sentences this is more found of traditional old ghost stories. As for The Call, it uses simple vocabulary, not complicated to follow story line and modern with straight forward sentences.

Our School Exhibition

Our school held a very interesting exposition of students art and craft go bad last year. Itwas surprising to see the various pieces of handwork of much(prenominal) high standards. Theseexhibits were attractive and colourful for they had been wide-awake and designed well bythe students with guidance from the Art t separatelyers. The students were obviouslyenthusiastic about their work for each item was rendered carefully and lovingly withoutthe slightest trace of sloppinessThere were many sections to interest parents and friends who came to see the work of their children. The painting of nature, Malaysian scenes, flowers and fruits was of anexceptionally high standard. Other items such as puppets, dolls and articles of embroiderywere admired, too.In the geography section, there were clay models of physical features like hills, mountains and pla afternoon teaus set in a natural environment of greenlandscape with rivers meanderingthrough the land.Some articles like flowers made from silk were for sale and ladies readily bought theseitems. Our school exhibition was appreciated by all. Cameron Highlands a Malaysian Hill ResortAfter living in the busy city of Kuala Lumpur with its hindrance and bustling traffic, it is a pleasure to go up to Cameron Highlands, a cool mountain resort, for relaxation.Enrouteyou will honor the scenic countryside as you drive up hilly roads amidst jungletrees, waterfalls and small villages. Then, you feast your eyes each season you pass a flower nursery or a vegetable farm. The cool, crisp var. at Tanah Rata makes you feel invigorated.At the same time, you are able to admire the quaint-looking English-style cottages alongthe way. Roses creeping up and clinging to the walls of the cottages remind you of England and the scenery is enchantingif you happen to be a nature-lover. Usually, a punishor gets quite hungry as hegoes up the highlands and he is able to enjoy the piping hotmeals served in the restaurants.As the sun goes down, temperature drops and it becomes quite chilly. You can then sit bythe dwelling with your favourite story book and laze around in a sweater or a jacket as it isquite a contrast to the warm and sunny weather on the plains in your hometown.A visit to the famous Boh Tea plantation is interesting and worthwhile for have you ever wondered how you get you cup of tea? It comes mainly from the tea plantations onCameron Highlands. Jungle walks are also a good way of spending your time while youare there. Cameron is indeed an ideal holiday resort.

Causes of Road Accidents in Pakistan

J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, military telecommunicate number 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Ca ingestions of bridle-path Accidents in Pakistan By Abdul Manan Khan1 and Ansa Tehreem2 Abstract Every day umpteen people argon killed and injure on our bridle-pathways. Men, women, children, biking or sit to school or work, play in the streets or setting step up on immense trips, volition never return home, leaving bed shattered families and communities. driveway calling injuries ar a development public health issue, disproportionately claim vulnerable groups of itinerary users, particularly the myopic.Main sticks which argon found behind these alley incidents ar lack of training institutes, unskilled drivers, paltry path conditions, use of kiosk ph star during ride, use of intoxifannyts, oer loading and abject performance of governing body in this regard. If these issues are tackled in a manner way therefore it brush off positively affect the social and scotch conditions of the residents of ontogenesis countries. Key Words Public Health, Road Accidents, avocation Accidents 1. Introduction and books Review The growth and development of a kingdom depends, largely, upon the capacity of its transport body to move persons and propers to desire locations safety.In Pakistani society, nuclear family system is very putting surface. Here, it is like a trend that hotshot or two members of family earn the m acey and other family members heavily depend on them. In create countries, like Pakistan, thoroughfarestead often carry a wide range of users from heavy goods-vehicles to bicycles and pedestrians without any separation. Road barter accidents (RTA) are a significant, movement of any constipation, shoemakers last and economic loss in growth countries like Pakistan. Among the pedestrians, the approximately vulnerable are those young people who play an grave part in the socio-economic growth of the countrified.In Pakistan, male proportion play dominant role to run their families economically, so they be agree to appear to a greater extent problems like injuries and disability. Every day many people are killed and hurt on our highroutes. Men, women, children, biking or riding to school or work, playing in the streets or setting out on long trips, will never return home, leaving behind shattered families and communities. Road relations injuries are a growing public health issue, disproportionately affecting vulnerable groups of route users, specially the poor.Road dealings injuries are a major al superstar neglected global public health problem, requiring concerted efforts for effective and sustainable evacuateance. homowide, the number of people killed in course occupation crashes each year is estimated at al about 1. 2 million, charm the number injured could be as high as 50 million (WHO, 2004). In economic terms, the cost of road crash injuries is projected at roughly 1% of gross inter ior(a) convergence (GNP) in impoverished-income countries, 1. 5% in middle-income countries and 2% in high-income countries (Soderlund,1995).The economic cost of road crashes and injuries is estimated to be over Rs nose candy billion for Pakistan (Ahmad, 2008). 1 Graduate, Department of Sociology,University of Gujrat, Gujrat. 2 Graduate, University of the Punjab, Lahore 23 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, turn off 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X modester socio-economic groups have circumscribed access to post-crash emergency health care (Mock, etal1997). In Pakistan also, a large portion of nation has also hold in access to post-crash emergency health care which works a precious loss of lives.In many exploitation countries, the costs of prolonged medical care, the loss of the family breadwinner, the cost of a funeral, and the loss of income due to disability can push families into poverty (Hijar etal 2003). In developing countries, the population groups exposed to the highest r isks of soil and death from road crashes, pedestrians and users of motorised two-wheelers are from lower socioeconomic groups (Nantulya, 2003 and Ghaffar A, 2004). In Mexico, the second commonest realise of children being orphaned is job crashes (Hijar etal, 2003).Pakistan is also a developing country where a large number of people die all(prenominal) be give birth of the road-side accidents. Especially death proportion of pedestrians and motorcyclists are very high which virtuallyly belong to lower socio-economic groups of society. novel studies have shown that pedestrians and motorcyclists have the highest tempos of imperfection in Asia (Yang,etal 2003 and Suriyanwongpaisal etal 2003). In Pakistan Incidence of road traffic injuries was 15. 0 (including minor injuries) per 1,000 persons per year (Ghaffar etal 2004). If we use this calculate in 2008 it will be in millions. The burden of injury is unequal.More boys are injured than girls, and children from poorer families have high rates of injury. In 2002, males accounted for 73% of all road traffic deaths, with an overall rate almost three times that for females 27. 6 per 100 000 population and 10. 4 per 100 000 population, respectively (WHO, 2004). Pakistan is a patriarchal society, where most of the time male family members are the primary source of income. So, the higher rate of road traffic deaths among men, can charge more severely affect the socio-economic status of the family as well as the whole social structure of the society.In Pakistan, among males of the economically active age group accidental death rate is very high, and also according to the study, motor vehicle injuries are the third most important reach of death in developing countries. (Soderlund 1995). It is projected that RTA will be the second most common coiffe of disability-adjusted life years in developing countries in the year 2020 (Murray, 1997). Road traffic crashes can endue a heavy burden on the family and friends of the injured person. According to WHO estimates for 2002, there were 180500 children killed as the result of road crashes.Some 97% of these child road deaths occurred in low-income and middle-income countries (WHO, 2004). There are many factors which yard the accidents. The fit traffic on these roads is capable of high acceleration and speed, both key factors in the causes of road crash injury. Most of the factors of traffic accidents are the driver, the lane and motor vehicles (Aaron ,1990, Balogun etal,1992 Luby etal,1997 and Mock etal,1999). Majority of road users including motorists and pedestrians lack road sense, leading to frequent road accidents and continued traffic jams across the country.Some other interrogation point also indicates that the human element is doable for 80 to 85% of all traffic accidents. handicraft violations, campaign while intoxicated and lack of private road courtesy are the results of human actions. Unsafe highway and road conditions ca use about 10% of all traffic accidents while mechanical deficiencies are responsible for virtually 5% of all traffic problems (Aaron,1990 Collier, 1983 American Automobile Association, 1988 Mc Glade, 1980). handicraft violations like signal crossing, ride without license, disparage parking, usage of mobile addresss while driving, wrong overtaking, disregard of zebra crossing, riding motorbikes without lights and helmets, 24 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, unblock 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X over-speeding, assortment of lane sans using indicators are so common in Pakistan which are the major cause of accident in our society. 2. Data Collection and Methodology This study is based on primary entropy which is unruffled from people belongs to transportation system and drivers of LTV, HTV, motorcyclist and pedestrians.For this purpose 100 cases were selected from the universe as described by von Neumann (1997). Data is collected via discussion and questionnaire on causes of road accidents and its aspects from each side. 3. Data Analysis On the tooshie of primary data, when we ask to respondents about the principal(prenominal) reason behind road accidents then 40% of the respondents arrange that ignorance of traffic rules is the main(prenominal) reason of road accidents. While 32% respondents solution that rash driving and 28% of the view that naive drivers are the cause of road accidents.This whole issue is shown in postpone 1. control panel 1. Reasons of Road Accidents pct accumulative part Ignorance of traffic rules 40. 0 40. 0 Rash driving 32. 0 72. 0 Untrained drivers 28. 0 100. 0 gibe 100. 0 When we put the question that is poor conditions of roads is responsible for accidents then 44% of the respondents solving that to well-nigh extent poor conditions of roads cause accidents and 32% people response that yes, poor condition of roads is responsible and all is shown in accede 2. plank 2. Is execrable Condition of Roads Responsible for Acc idents pctCumulative Percent Yes 32. 0 32. 0 No 24. 0 56. 0 To some extent 44. 0 100. 0 nub 100. 0 25 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, publication 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Our undermentioned question bring out a nonher burning issue that 68% of the road accidents occur due to untrained/ unskilled drivers while only 12% of the respondents view that unskilled drivers are not responsible, which is shown in duck 3. control panel 3. Accidents Occur Due to Unskilled Drivers Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 68. 0 68. 0 No 12. 0 80. 0 To some extent 20. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0In most of the split of the country, one wheeling occurs by young people on roads and 76% of the respondents view that this cause road accidents while only 4% of the respondents adjudicate that one wheeling is not a cause of accidents. Table 4 shows power pointed data on this issue. Table 4. Is One Wheeling Causes Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 76. 0 76. 0 No 4. 0 80. 0 To some extent 20. 0 100. 0 Tota l 100. 0 physical exertion of cell phones during driving cause road accidents and government request measures to avoid cell phone and there is some penalty.The 52% of the respondents answers that use of cell phone during driving cause accidents while 40% answer to some extent it cause, only 8% view that cell phone is not the cause of road accidents. This is shown in detail in table 5. Table 5. Is Use of stall telephone Causes Road Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 52. 0 52. 0 No 8. 0 60. 0 To some extent 40. 0 100. 0 26 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Total 100. 0 another(prenominal) issue was raised when we ask a question from respondents that are use of drugs during driving cause road accidents.The answer was astonished us that only 4% of the respondents view that drugs is not a cause of accidents while 72% and 24% response yes and to some extent, respectively. As shown in table 6 below. Table 6. Use of Drugs during hotheaded Cause Acc idents Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 72. 0 72. 0 No 4. 0 76. 0 To some extent 24. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 Overloading is another cause of road accidents and respondents answer that overloading is the cause of road accidents as shown in table 7. Table 7. Is Overloading Causes Road Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 40. 0 40. 0 No 4. 0 44. 0 To some extent 6. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 The literacy rate in Pakistan is low which relates with road accidents because most of the drivers are illiterate and cant read anything even helping booklet/ safety guides on roads. The 72% of the respondents answer that lack of ken about driving rules and other safety measures is the cause of road accidents. precisely 8% of the respondents view that it is not a cause of road accidents and all this is shown in table 8. Table 8. Is Lack of Awareness Causes Road Accidents 27 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 2. 0 72. 0 No 8. 0 80. 0 To some extent 20. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 Above all instruction explains the causes of road accidents that now we have collected some information about the role of various administrative institutes in overcoming these issues. When we ask about role of government in reducing the ratio of accidents then 40% of the respondents are of the view that government is playing poor role and there is strike to amend its role. 28% respondents answer that its role is satisfactory while only 8% response that government is playing excellent role, detail about this is given in table 9.Table 9. Role of Govt. in Reducing dealings Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Excellent 8. 0 8. 0 actually good 24. 0 32. 0 all right 28. 0 60. 0 Poor 40. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 The role of traffic constabulary in reducing the road accidents is better and 52% of the respondents show satisfactory role of traffic natural law while 24% answers very good. So the overall role of traffic police is good but the problem exi sts when we make a comparison between roads and number of police servants. Only 8% of the respondents answer that traffic police is playing poor role, which is shown in table 10.Table 10. Role of relations law in Reducing Traffic Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Excellent 16. 0 16. 0 Very good 24. 0 40. 0 Satisfactory 52. 0 92. 0 28 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Poor 8. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 Conclusion The main objective of this paper is to highlight the main causes of road accidents in Pakistan. On the basis of primary data we conclude the paper as following. The main reason of traffic accidents is due to lack of sense about rules and regulation, so there is need of institutes for knowingness about these rules.Government may create awareness in public by offering distinct courses in educational institutes and also distribute some material for drivers and for general public also. Government inevitably to make some core courses/ training before the provision of license and traffic police should honour punishing check and balance in this regard. Another problem which causes road accidents is overloading, use of cell phone during driving and drugs addiction by majority of the drivers. These all issues can be solved by creating awareness and by applying some penalty to defaulters.These are not serious issues and easily solved by the tender system of check and balance by any administrative authority. By overcoming on these causes we can compose a lot of benefits in the shape of monetary and non-monetary terms. In a nut shell, we say that road accidents are playing prominent role in the families of victims of traffic accidents which is the loss of property on one side while death of humanity is on the other hand. These both can through a family into a vicious circle of poverty and then it impacts on the overall economy.So need of the day is to take some encouraging steps by public side and individuals side also. Refe rences ? A resource programme in Driver and Traffic sentry duty Education, (1990), Washington D. C. Automative Safety Foundation. ? Aaron, J. E. and Strasser, M. K. , (1990), Driver and Traffic Safety Education, capital of the United Kingdom The Macmillan Company. ? Ahmad, B. , (2006), Country Report on Road Network in Pakistan, Ministry of Communications, Islambad. ? Balogun, J. , A. Abereoje, (1992), Pattern of Road Traffic Accidents cases in a Nigerian University Teaching Hospital between 1987 and 1990, Journal of Tropical Medicine 95 23-29. Collier, J. P, (1983), self-propelling Safety Education London, Macmillan Publishers. 29 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X ? Ghaffar, A. , Hyder A. A. and Masud, T. I. , (2004), The burden of road traffic injuries in developing countries the 1st National Injury Survey of Pakistan Public Health. ? Hijar, M. , Vazquez-Vela, E, Arreola-Risa, (2003), Pedestrian traffic injuries in Mexico a country update. Injury Control and Safety Promotion. 103743 ? McGlade, F, (1980), Adjustive Behaviour and Safety surgical operation Sringfield, Illinois Carl of C.Thomas Publisher. ? Mock, C. , Amegashie J. and Darteh, K, (1999), Role of Commercial Drivers in motor vehicle related injuries in Ghana. Inj. Prev 5 268-271 ? Mock, C. N. , nii-Amon-Kotei D. , and Maier, R. V. , (1997), Low purpose of formal medical services by injured persons in a developing nation health service data underestimate the importance of trauma. Journal of Trauma. 42504513. ? Murray, CJL, Lopez A. D. , (1997), Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020 Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet . 3491498504. Nantulya, V. M. , and Reich M. R. , (2003), Equity dimensions of road traffic injuries in low and middle-income countries Injury Control and Safety Promotion. 101320. ? Neumann, W. L. , (1997), Social Research Methods, Qualitative and three-figure Approaches, Allyss and Bacon, USA. ? Peden M, McGee K , and Sharma G, (2002), The injury chart book a graphical overview of the global burden of injuries. Geneva, World Health Organization. ? Peden, M. , Scurfield, R. , et al (2004), World Report on Traffic Injuries Prevention Geneva, WHO ? Soderlund N, Zwi A. B. (1995), Traffic related mortality in alter and less(prenominal) developed countries. BuU World Health Organ. 73175-82. ? Stutts, Hunter. , (1999), Motor Vehicle and Roadway factors in pedestrians and wheeler injuries. Accd Aral Prev. 31505-514. ? Suriyanwongpaisal, P. , and Kanchanasut S, (2003), Road traffic injuries in Thailand trends, selected underlying determinants and status of intervention. Injury Control and Safety Promotion. 1095104. ? Yang, B. M. , and Kim J. , (2003), Road traffic accidents and policy interventions in Korea. Injury control and Safety Promotion. 08993. ? www. makeroadssafe. org ? www. prb. org/Articles/2006/RoadTrafficAccidentsIncreaseDramaticallyWorldwide. aspx ? www. asiaone. com/ intelligence in formation/Latest%2B give-and-take/Asia/Story/A1Story20080719-77661. html ? www. dawn. com/2008/04/27/nat16. htm ? www. dailymailnews. com/200802/13/news/dmboxitem2. html ? www. dawn. com/2008/04/27/nat16. htm ? www. statpak. gov. pkJ. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Causes of Road Accidents in Pakistan By Abdul Manan Khan1 and Ansa Tehreem2 Abstract Every day many people are killed and injured on our roads.Men, women, children, biking or riding to school or work, playing in the streets or setting out on long trips, will never return home, leaving behind shattered families and communities. Road traffic injuries are a growing public health issue, disproportionately affecting vulnerable groups of road users, specially the poor. Main causes which are found behind these road accidents are lack of training institutes, unskilled drivers, poor road conditions, use of cell phone during driving, use of intoxicants, over loading and poor performance of government in this regard.If these issues are tackled in a manner way then it can positively affect the social and economic conditions of the residents of developing countries. Key Words Public Health, Road Accidents, Traffic Accidents 1. Introduction and Literature Review The growth and development of a nation depends, largely, upon the capacity of its transport system to move persons and goods to desired locations safety. In Pakistani society, nuclear family system is very common. Here, it is like a trend that one or two members of family earn the money and other family members heavily depend on them.In developing countries, like Pakistan, roads often carry a wide range of users from heavy goods-vehicles to bicycles and pedestrians without any separation. Road traffic accidents (RTA) are a significant, cause of any disability, death and economic loss in developing countries like Pakistan. Among the pedestrians, the most vulnerable are those young people who play an important part in the so cio-economic growth of the country. In Pakistan, male proportion play dominant role to run their families economically, so they have to face more problems like injuries and disability. Every day many people are killed and injured on our roads.Men, women, children, biking or riding to school or work, playing in the streets or setting out on long trips, will never return home, leaving behind shattered families and communities. Road traffic injuries are a growing public health issue, disproportionately affecting vulnerable groups of road users, specially the poor. Road traffic injuries are a major but neglected global public health problem, requiring concerted efforts for effective and sustainable avoidance. Worldwide, the number of people killed in road traffic crashes each year is estimated at almost 1. 2 million, while the number injured could be as high as 50 million (WHO, 2004).In economic terms, the cost of road crash injuries is projected at roughly 1% of gross national product (GNP) in low-income countries, 1. 5% in middle-income countries and 2% in high-income countries (Soderlund,1995). The economic cost of road crashes and injuries is estimated to be over Rs100 billion for Pakistan (Ahmad, 2008). 1 Graduate, Department of Sociology,University of Gujrat, Gujrat. 2 Graduate, University of the Punjab, Lahore 23 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Lower socio-economic groups have limited access to post-crash emergency health care (Mock, etal1997).In Pakistan also, a large portion of population has also limited access to post-crash emergency health care which causes a precious loss of lives. In many developing countries, the costs of prolonged medical care, the loss of the family breadwinner, the cost of a funeral, and the loss of income due to disability can push families into poverty (Hijar etal 2003). In developing countries, the population groups exposed to the highest risks of injury and death from road crashes, pedestrian s and users of motorized two-wheelers are from lower socioeconomic groups (Nantulya, 2003 and Ghaffar A, 2004).In Mexico, the second commonest cause of children being orphaned is traffic crashes (Hijar etal, 2003). Pakistan is also a developing country where a large number of people die every because of the road-side accidents. Especially death proportion of pedestrians and motorcyclists are very high which mostly belong to lower socio-economic groups of society. Recent studies have shown that pedestrians and motorcyclists have the highest rates of injury in Asia (Yang,etal 2003 and Suriyanwongpaisal etal 2003). In Pakistan Incidence of road traffic injuries was 15. (including minor injuries) per 1,000 persons per year (Ghaffar etal 2004). If we use this rate in 2008 it will be in millions. The burden of injury is unequal. More boys are injured than girls, and children from poorer families have higher rates of injury. In 2002, males accounted for 73% of all road traffic deaths, wit h an overall rate almost three times that for females 27. 6 per 100 000 population and 10. 4 per 100 000 population, respectively (WHO, 2004). Pakistan is a patriarchal society, where most of the time male family members are the primary source of income.So, the higher rate of road traffic deaths among men, can even more severely affect the socio-economic status of the family as well as the whole social structure of the society. In Pakistan, among males of the economically active age group accidental death rate is very high, and also according to the study, motor vehicle injuries are the third most important cause of death in developing countries. (Soderlund 1995). It is projected that RTA will be the second most common cause of disability-adjusted life years in developing countries in the year 2020 (Murray, 1997).Road traffic crashes can place a heavy burden on the family and friends of the injured person. According to WHO estimates for 2002, there were 180500 children killed as the result of road crashes. Some 97% of these child road deaths occurred in low-income and middle-income countries (WHO, 2004). There are many factors which cause the accidents. The motorized traffic on these roads is capable of high acceleration and speed, both key factors in the causes of road crash injury. Most of the factors of traffic accidents are the driver, the highway and motor vehicles (Aaron ,1990, Balogun etal,1992 Luby etal,1997 and Mock etal,1999).Majority of road users including motorists and pedestrians lack road sense, leading to frequent road accidents and continued traffic jams across the country. Some other research evidence also indicates that the human element is responsible for 80 to 85% of all traffic accidents. Traffic violations, driving while intoxicated and lack of driving courtesy are the results of human actions. Unsafe highway and road conditions cause about 10% of all traffic accidents while mechanical deficiencies are responsible for nearly 5% of all tr affic problems (Aaron,1990 Collier, 1983 American Automobile Association, 1988 Mc Glade, 1980).Traffic violations like signal crossing, driving without license, wrong parking, usage of mobile phones while driving, wrong overtaking, disregard of zebra crossing, riding motorbikes without lights and helmets, 24 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X over-speeding, change of lane sans using indicators are so common in Pakistan which are the major cause of accident in our society. 2. Data Collection and Methodology This study is based on primary data which is collected from people belongs to transportation system and drivers of LTV, HTV, motorcyclist and pedestrians.For this purpose 100 cases were selected from the universe as described by Neumann (1997). Data is collected via discussion and questionnaire on causes of road accidents and its aspects from each side. 3. Data Analysis On the basis of primary data, when we ask to respondents about the main reason be hind road accidents then 40% of the respondents answer that ignorance of traffic rules is the main reason of road accidents. While 32% respondents answer that rash driving and 28% of the view that untrained drivers are the cause of road accidents.This whole issue is shown in table 1. Table 1. Reasons of Road Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Ignorance of traffic rules 40. 0 40. 0 Rash driving 32. 0 72. 0 Untrained drivers 28. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 When we put the question that is poor conditions of roads is responsible for accidents then 44% of the respondents answer that to some extent poor conditions of roads cause accidents and 32% people response that yes, poor condition of roads is responsible and all is shown in table 2. Table 2. Is Poor Condition of Roads Responsible for Accidents PercentCumulative Percent Yes 32. 0 32. 0 No 24. 0 56. 0 To some extent 44. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 25 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Our next question highlight another burning issue that 68% of the road accidents occur due to untrained/ unskilled drivers while only 12% of the respondents view that unskilled drivers are not responsible, which is shown in table 3. Table 3. Accidents Occur Due to Unskilled Drivers Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 68. 0 68. 0 No 12. 0 80. 0 To some extent 20. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0In most of the parts of the country, one wheeling occurs by young people on roads and 76% of the respondents view that this cause road accidents while only 4% of the respondents answer that one wheeling is not a cause of accidents. Table 4 shows detailed data on this issue. Table 4. Is One Wheeling Causes Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 76. 0 76. 0 No 4. 0 80. 0 To some extent 20. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 Use of cell phones during driving cause road accidents and government take measures to avoid cell phone and there is some penalty.The 52% of the respondents answers that use of cell phone during driving cause accidents while 40% answer to some extent it cause, only 8% view that cell phone is not the cause of road accidents. This is shown in detail in table 5. Table 5. Is Use of Cell Phone Causes Road Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 52. 0 52. 0 No 8. 0 60. 0 To some extent 40. 0 100. 0 26 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Total 100. 0 Another issue was raised when we ask a question from respondents that are use of drugs during driving cause road accidents.The answer was astonished us that only 4% of the respondents view that drugs is not a cause of accidents while 72% and 24% response yes and to some extent, respectively. As shown in table 6 below. Table 6. Use of Drugs during Driving Cause Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 72. 0 72. 0 No 4. 0 76. 0 To some extent 24. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 Overloading is another cause of road accidents and respondents answer that overloading is the cause of road accidents as shown in table 7. Table 7. Is Overloading Causes Road Accidents Percent Cumulative PercentYes 40. 0 40. 0 No 4. 0 44. 0 To some extent 56. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 The literacy rate in Pakistan is low which relates with road accidents because most of the drivers are illiterate and cant read anything even helping booklet/ safety guides on roads. The 72% of the respondents answer that lack of awareness about driving rules and other safety measures is the cause of road accidents. Only 8% of the respondents view that it is not a cause of road accidents and all this is shown in table 8. Table 8. Is Lack of Awareness Causes Road Accidents 7 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Percent Cumulative Percent Yes 72. 0 72. 0 No 8. 0 80. 0 To some extent 20. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 Above all information explains the causes of road accidents but now we have collected some information about the role of antithetical administrative institutes in overcoming these issues. When we ask about role of government in reducing the rati o of accidents then 40% of the respondents are of the view that government is playing poor role and there is need to improve its role. 8% respondents answer that its role is satisfactory while only 8% response that government is playing excellent role, detail about this is given in table 9. Table 9. Role of Govt. in Reducing Traffic Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Excellent 8. 0 8. 0 Very good 24. 0 32. 0 Satisfactory 28. 0 60. 0 Poor 40. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 The role of traffic police in reducing the road accidents is better and 52% of the respondents show satisfactory role of traffic police while 24% answers very good. So the overall role of traffic police is good but the problem exists when we make a comparison between roads and number of police servants.Only 8% of the respondents answer that traffic police is playing poor role, which is shown in table 10. Table 10. Role of Traffic Police in Reducing Traffic Accidents Percent Cumulative Percent Excellent 16. 0 16. 0 Very go od 24. 0 40. 0 Satisfactory 52. 0 92. 0 28 J. Asian Dev. Stud, Vol. 1, Issue 1, (March 2012). ISSN 2304-375X Poor 8. 0 100. 0 Total 100. 0 Conclusion The main objective of this paper is to highlight the main causes of road accidents in Pakistan. On the basis of primary data we conclude the paper as following. The main reason of traffic accidents is due to lack of awareness bout rules and regulation, so there is need of institutes for awareness about these rules. Government may create awareness in public by offering different courses in educational institutes and also distribute some material for drivers and for general public also. Government ask to make some core courses/ training before the provision of license and traffic police should substantiate strong check and balance in this regard. Another problem which causes road accidents is overloading, use of cell phone during driving and drugs addiction by majority of the drivers.These all issues can be solved by creating awareness and by applying some penalty to defaulters. These are not serious issues and easily solved by the strong system of check and balance by any administrative authority. By overcoming on these causes we can keep a lot of benefits in the shape of monetary and non-monetary terms. In a nut shell, we say that road accidents are playing prominent role in the families of victims of traffic accidents which is the loss of property on one side while death of humanity is on the other hand.These both can through a family into a vicious circle of poverty and then it impacts on the overall economy. So need of the day is to take some encouraging steps by public side and individuals side also. References ? A Resource Curriculum in Driver and Traffic Safety Education, (1990), Washington D. C. Automative Safety Foundation. ? Aaron, J. E. and Strasser, M. K. , (1990), Driver and Traffic Safety Education, London The Macmillan Company. ? Ahmad, B. , (2006), Country Report on Road Network in Pakistan, Min istry of Communications, Islambad. ? 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